摘要:

AbstractThis review gives an inventory of 58 computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstruction applications in the domain of biomedical research. It is devoted to the formulation of a set of recommendations thought to be necessary for improved performance of software packages in this field. These recommendations can be used to select packages and to guide future developments of existing reconstruction systems.The survey is restricted to three‐dimensional reconstructions based upon a series of parallel sections of an object. Subjects treated are programming languages, resolution and sampling, input preparation, realignment, local deformation of slices, numerical quantifications, topological complexity, internal representation, display complexity (hidden surfaces, shading, smoothing), structure extraction, descriptive elements, database, data compression, time efficiency of systems and algorithms, hardware configuration, input devices, input media, interactive aids, display devices, and output devices. Information for this survey comes from articles that appeared between 1965 and

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160402

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA hitherto‐unknown atavistic muscle in the dog initiated a review of the literature on the homologies and nomenclature of the forelimb flexors in carnivores and man. A consequence is that we recommend a revision of the nomenclature in theNomina Anatomica Veterinaria(Ithaca, New York, 1983) so that it is in agreement with theNomina Anatomica(Wilkins, Baltimore, 1983). This revision mainly consists of the incorporation of the terms M. palmaris longus and Mm. flexores breves manu

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160403

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTaste sensitivity is known to vary among regions of the tongue and between subjects. The distribution of taste buds on the human tongue is examined in this report to determine if interregional and intersubject variation of taste bud density might account for some of the variation in human taste sensitivity. The subjects were ten males, aged 22–80 years, who died from acute trauma or an acute cardiovascular episode. Specimens were obtained as anatomical gifts or from autopsy. A sample of tissue about 1 cm2was taken from the tongue tip and midlateral region; frozen sections were prepared for light microscopy; and serial sections were examined by light microscopy to count the taste buds. The average taste bud (tb) density on the tongue tip was 116 tb/cm2with a range from 3.6 to 514 among subjects. The number of gustatory papillae on the tip averaged 24.5 papillae/cm2with a range from 2.4 to 80. Taste bud density in the midregion averaged 25.2 tb/ cm2(range: 0–85.9), and the mean number of gustatory papillae was 8.25/cm2(range: 0–28). The mean number of taste buds per papilla was 3.8 ± 2.2 (s.d.) on the tip and 2.6 ± 1.5 (s.d.) on the midregion. Subjects with the highest taste bud densities on the tip also had the highest densities in the midregion and the highest number of taste buds per papilla. Taste bud density was 4.6 times higher on the tip than the midregion, which probably accounts for some of the regional difference in taste sensitivity. The difference of more than 2 log units in taste bud density probably accounts for some differences in taste sensitivity among human s

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160404

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBased on regional differences in surface morphology, the dorsum of the tongue ofAnolis carolinensiscan be subdivided into four distinct zones. The first quarter of the tongue is relatively smooth, whereas the second and fourth quarters are festooned with closely packed cylindriform papillae, which are covered by typical parakeratotic stratified squamous epithelium. The third quarter of the tongue is covered by papillae of novel morphology that we have named “plumose papillae.” These are composed of a slender connective tissue core covered by stratified squamous epithelium from whose surface numerous elongated cells radiate. These “plume cells” are about 30–40 μm long and have an extremely irregular nucleus in their expanded terminus. Their stalks are affixed by desmosomes to the deeper cells of the epithelium, and their free surfaces are covered by intricately patterned microplications. Their cytosol contains a dense web of 100‐Å cytofilaments that may be involved in maintaining the peculiar morphology of the cells. Regardless of type, all lingual papillae ofA. carolinensiscontain a single longitudinally oriented skeletal muscle fiber that originates from the underlying lingual muscles, raising the possibility that the papillae can be moved at will. The plumose papillae and their retinue of plume cells are unique morphological structures that may be important in mastication and deglut

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160405

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEndocytosis from apical and basolateral cell membranes of mouse blastocyst trophectoderm was examined morphologically by using unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP, fluid phase marker), cationized ferritin (membrane marker, bound ionically), and protein A‐HRP conjugate (membrane marker, identifying antigens recognised by antimouse species serum). The markers were applied in single and double labelling procedures designed to reveal the derivation, sorting site, and fate of all the major endocytic pathways. Endocytosis at the apical surface led to the obligate fusion of labelled elements with prelysosomal endosomes prior to the redistribution of membrane into lysosomal, transcellular, or recycling pathways, and to the passage of internalised fluid into lysosomes only. Complementary routes appear to operate following endocytosis at the basolateral domain. Thus, endocytic trafficking within the trophectoderm, regulated by “sorting” mechanisms localised at the endosome compartment, may be responsible for the maintenance of polarised membrane domains. The polarised transcellular pathway involving obligatory endosome fusion is present in cleavage‐stage, peripheral 16‐cell blastomeres prior to zonular tight junction formation. Nocodazole treatment to depolymerise microtubules in many cases induced a bypass of the endosomal sorting compartment during transcytosis, indicating that microtubules contribute to the spatial organization of endocytic membran

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160406

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe distribution of monomeric and polymeric actin in spermatozoa from the bull, boar, rabbit, human, rat, mouse, golden hamster, and guinea pig has been examined by using a monoclonal antiactin antibody and NBD‐phallacidin. Actin was present in sperm from each species. When the monoclonal antibody was used, there was a species‐specific distribution and intensity of fluorescence, but no generalized pattern. Specific fluorescence was noted in the neck and principal piece of human sperm; in the postacrosomal region, neck, and midpiece of bull and boar sperm; in the postacrosomal region, neck, and principal/equatorial segment border of rabbit sperm; in the neck region of hamster sperm; and in the neck, midpiece, and principal piece of rat, mouse, and guinea pig sperm. Sperm from all eight species displayed no specific fluorescence with NBD‐phallacidin, indicating that actin was present in a nonfliamentous form. SDS extracts of sperm were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE and Western blotting; in sperm from each species, a 42‐kD protein with specific affinity for the monoclonal antibody wa

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160407

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this report we quantitated ultrastructural changes in two cytologically distinct secretory cell populations from the rabbit endocervix. Type I and type II cells from estrous animals differ only in the presence of one or more empty cytoplasmic vacuoles in type II cells. Comparing type II cells from 5‐day pseudopregnant (PSP) rabbits with type II cells from estrous controls, there is no increase (P>.05) in the average vacuole volume. When type I and type II cells from PSP animals are compared to cells from estrous controls, there is a decrease (P<.01) in the average cell volume, a decrease (P<.01) in the average nuclear volume, and a decrease (P<.01) in the average granule volume. This reduction in the granule content of secretory endocervical cells was correlated with a dramatic decrease in protein glycosylation into the microsomal fraction. Serum estradiol concentrations for estrous (13.7 ± 1.0 pg/ml) and PSP (18.1 ± 1.5 pg/ml) animals were comparable. However, the 36‐fold increase in serum progesterone concentrations for PSP (12.04 ± 1.7 ng/ml) animals compared to estrous (0.33 ± 0.1 ng/ml) animals may be responsible for the decrease in protein glycos

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160408

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractM cells are specialized epithelial cells over lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches which take up viruses, bacteria, and antigenic macromolecules from the intestinal lumen. Unlike ordinary enterocytes which sequester pinocytosed material in lysosomes, M cells transport such material across the epithelium to antigen‐processing areas in lymphoid follicle domes, suggesting a difference in lysosomal activity or a different route for movement of endocytic vesicles. Ileal Peyer's patches in rats were examined by electron microscopy to identify lysosomes by acid phosphatase activity. Acid phosphatase was found in dense bodies in enterocytes but not in M cells. Stereological analysis showed the volume fraction occupied by dense bodies in M cells to be 16 times less than in enterocytes (P<.0005), even though the volume fractions of cytoplasm occupied by mitochondria in M cells and enterocytes were not significantly different. The small volume fraction of dense bodies and the absence of acid phosphatase activity in M cells thus correlate with absence of lysosomal degradation of luminal microorganisms during transport into lymphoid follicles by M cells and may provide not only a complete array of microbial antigens for initiation of immune responses, but also a route through the mucosal barrier for microorganisms which can evade local containment mechanism

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160409

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGravimetric determination of total bone water space was used as an index of available bone marrow space in mice following various specific stressors, i.e., splenectomy, hypoxia, bone fracture, and estrone‐induced osteosclerosis. Data was corrected for bone weight and was reported as specific bone marrow volume (total bone water space/mg dry bone × 100).A direct relationship was observed between specific bone marrow volume and medullary hemopoietic activity induced by stress. Absolute and/or relative marrow space increased following splenectomy, hypoxia, and fracture. Osteosclerotic animals shift most hemopoietic activity from marrow to spleen, and splenectomized osteosclerotic animals become anemic. Both intact and splenectomized hypoxic animals develop increased specific bone marrow volume and successfully compensate for hypoxia with enhanced erythropoiesis. Animals sustaining a fracture callus increase both specific bone marrow volume and hemopoietic activity at the callus without an increase in hemopoietic demand.Increased specific bone marrow volume extends the marrow bone interface, where primitive stem cells accumulate, while expanding marrow stromal space, where stem cells lodge, proliferate and differentiate. Therefore, it would appear that availability of competent marrow space may play an integral part in passively permitting hematopoiesis and in determining hemopoietic reserve capacity.Stem cell migration increases during intensified hemopoietic demand, which also may be related to available marrow space. Mice have a low medullary hemopoietic reserve capacity; subsequently, when available medullary hematopoietic stroma becomes occupied, stem cells are more likely to migrate from the marrow to extra‐medullary sites where they mature before entering the circulating

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160410

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo label heparan sulfate proteoglycans and other strong anions within glomerular basement membranes (GBM) during assembly, cationized ferritin (CF), with a narrow isoelectric range of 7.7 to 8.2, was intravenously injected into newborn rats. Kidneys were then fixed and processed for electron microscopy at intervals ranging from 1 to 72 h after CF injection. One hour after injection, CF bound extensively to the lamina rara interna and externa of developing GBM and mesangial matrix and to tubular basement membranes (TBM). In double basement membranes of early stage glomeruli, large amounts of CF were also seen in central areas between the endothelial and epithelial basement membranes. In maturing‐stage glomeruli, CF bound throughout interior regions of GBM outpockets projecting into the epithelial side of capillary walls as well as to the laminae rarae. Because in adult rats CF binds only to the laminae rarae, the abundant anionic sites seen here in newborns between double basement membranes and within GBM outpocket interiors may be subsequently neutralized or removed during the GBM assembly process. In addition to basement membranes, CF was also located intracellularly within endocytic vesicles and lysosomes of glomerular endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cells 1 h postinjection. CF was also present in similar structures within the tubular epithelium. In contrast to these findings, CF was gradually lost from developing GBM 5, 15, and 24 h after injection and was essentially cleared from all GBM, mesangial matrices, and TBM after 48 h. Large CF aggregates were progressively accumulated within mesangial lysosomes, however. The transient binding of CF to GBM anionic sites seen here was most likely due to its endocytic removal by developing glomerular endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cells. Anions in the circulation probably also competed effectively with the GBM and TBM for bound C

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1092160411

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY