摘要:

AbstractPhysical anthropological and x‐ray linear measurements of length, breadth and height of 28 dried skulls were made. The means and variances of these measurements were calculated and are given in tables. Next, the cranial capacity of these skulls was measured with mustard seeds (this method was validated using water measured skull) and the means and variances are given separately for males and females. Two formulae: (1) Lee's ‐ Males, 0.365 (L × B × H) + 359.34; Females, 0.375 (L × B × H) + 296.40. (2) Spheroid‐π/6 (L × B × H) were applied to calculate cranial capacity (in milliliters) from the linear anthropological and radiological dimensions (in centimeters). The results of the volumes thus obtained were compared to each other and to the control volume of the respective skulls. It was concluded that both the Lee's and Spheroid formulas for calculating the volume showed acceptably small difference from the respective control values. However, the Lee's method gave closer to control volumes for anthropological measurements whereas the Spheroid method gave closer to control volumes for x‐ra

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred twenty‐two of 225 accurately located and measured mammary segments were transplanted successfully into the isologous female mice, and intact or castrated male host mice treated with estrogen and progesterone pellets. Five of 42 segments that had ligatures placed to determine the orientation of the segment were also recovered. Fewer grafts were recovered from intact male hosts than from castrated male or intact female hosts. The lengths of transplants ranged from less than 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm. Transplants that were 0.6 mm long grew most frequently. Transplants obtained from different portions of any one mammary gland or from any mammary glands were recovered at comparable rates. The fourth mammary gland‐free fat pads, the pararenal fat pads, the mesometrial fat layers and subcutaneous areas were used as transplantation sites. The ultimate size of the regenerated transplants was determined by the amount of adipose tissue in the transplantation site and the hormonal environment, but not by the original size of the transplant. Mammary transplants obtained from all portions of ducts, even from quiescent glands of a 734‐day‐old mouse, or grafts which had been ligated with silk or hair, showed equal capability of regeneration. All successful transplants responded to either endogenous or exogenous hormones in a manner comparable to the hosts' own mammary glands, and lactated at part

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe common bile duct epithelium has been studied in common bile duct‐ligated and sham‐operated rats treated with colchicine, and numerous colchicinemitoses have been observed largely localized in the biliary or tubular “glands.” This finding suggests that the “glands” serve as the centers of cell division, i.e., the “renewal areas,” within the duct epithelium. Evidence has also been found that the duct epithelial cells are shed from the surface (luminal) epithelium into the lumen.In these cytological features, the common bile duct epithelium resembles the small intestinal epithelium, and this suggests the possibility that the pattern of cell renewal and replacement in the common bile duct epithelium is similar to that in the small intestinal epithelium, i.e., the “gland” cells constantly divide and replace the cells which are lost from the

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo ascertain the pathway (s) along which forces are conducted from the hand to the humerus in the human cadaver specially designed pressure sensitive transducers were introduced into the radio‐capitular and ulnar‐trochlear components of the elbow joint. A constant force was applied to the hand, and changes in electrical resistance and hence pressure across the elbow joint where recorded. It was observed that 57% of the force applied crossed the radio‐capitular joint while 43% crossed the ulnar‐trochlear joint. The pathway of this force transmission is discussed with particular reference to the involvement of the interosseous m

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe extent and arrangement of cardiac muscle in the great veins of adult dogs of both sexes was investigated. Cardiac muscle was found for varying distances in the venae cavae and pulmonary and azygos veins in all animals. The average distances which the muscle extended into these vessels in the beagles were: 1.88, 0.859, 0.525, and 0.622 cm. Similar measurements in the poodle were: 1.35, 0.705, 0.764, and 0.690 cm and in the shepherd: 3.05, 1.36, 1.22, and 0.926 cm. Both the venae cavae and pulmonary veins contained circular, spiral and longitudinal muscle bundles. The cardiac muscle was continuous from the superior venae cavae into the wall of the azygos vein and appeared to occupy the medial layer of the wall in all instances. Elastic and white fibrous connective tissue extended between the muscle bundles and appeared to invest the tapered muscle fibers in some places.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImplants from the midbrain and cerebellum of neonatal rats were cultured in roller tubes for 20 to 30 days. The cultures were incubated in a tryptamine‐tetrazolium solution which demonstrated the enzyme activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by the formation of a formazan precipitation. Some cultures were incubated without fixation, while others were fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution prior to incubation. The specificity of the reaction was controlled by withholding the substrate or by treatment of the cultures with an MAO inhibitor. An intracellular localization of the enzyme was observed in small and medium sized neurons, but was absent in the largest neurons. Neuroglial cells, including ependyma, and mesenchymal cells and phagocytes were MAO positive. The formazan granules were scattered throughout cell bodies and into cytoplasmic processes. Glutaraldehyde fixation of cultures prior to incubation for MAO preserved the details of cell structure and enhanced the differentiation of cell types. When fixed and unfixed cultures were compared, glutaraldehyde did not appear to interfere or interact with enzyme localization; however, there was evidence that this aldehyde might be interfering with MAO concentration, since a longer incubation period for prefixed tissue was required to obtain a formazan reaction comparable to that of unfixed culture

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy means of a new staining procedure (using a mixture of Astra blue and safranin O), studies on the polysaccharides of the mast cell granules were made in adult and embryonic connective tissues of the rat. According to their staining reactivity toward these dyes, it was found that, in the adult tissues, mast cells can be classified into three groups: (1) Astra blue positive mast cells, or “blue” cells; (2) safranin positive mast cells, or “red” cells, which are the most numerous cells; (3) intermediate forms, which exhibit affinity for both dyes, or “mixed” cells. In the embryo, mast cells appear first on the fifteenth‐sixteenth day of development as small round cells, the cytoplasm of which contains flakes of Astra blue positive material; rapidly, this material becomes granular, and on the twenty‐first day (just before birth), a large mast cell population exists in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the embryo, containing only cells of the “blue” type. Eight to 15 days after birth, “red” and “mixed” cells are visible. Progressively, the mast cell population becomes of the adult type. It is thought that these variations in the staining reactivity correspond to the evolution of the cell: the “blue” forms are the younger cells and the “red” forms are the adult mast cells. This is probably related to a progressive increase of the number of strong acidic groups which are pres

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractS35‐labeled inorganic sulfate was employed as a precursor of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in a radioassay of embryonic palatine shelves of the offspring of normal and cortisone‐treated mice. Samples, composed of four palatine shelves derived from the same litter, were counted on a liquid scintillation spectrometer. A close correlation has been established between the time of the maximum aggregation of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, as expressed by the relative specific activity of retained S35‐labeled sulfate, and the time of “horizontalization” of palatine shelves in both experimental groups.The competence of embryological mechanism of palate closure has been related to the developmentally normal relative increase of the concentration of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, viewed as a factor maintaining maximum visco‐elasticity and minimal swelling of palat

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdult rats, given intracardiac injections of strychnine (2.5 mg/kg), were allowed to convulse for periods of 5 or 35 minutes after which they were perfused with osmium tetroxide using a variation of Palay's method.Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed no discernible changes in the size of the soma or appearance of the nuclei or nucleoli of the neurons of the ventral horn. However, light microscopic studies showed that clustering of the basophilic content was not as well defined as in the control cells. The most conspicuous feature of the treated material was the presence of a peripheral network of clear spaces in the cytoplasm of many of the large neurons.An electron microscopic investigation showed that many neurons exhibited obvious and consistent cytoplasmic differences from control cells. These differences consisted of dilated endoplasmic spaces approximately 0.4 μ in diameter dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and devoid of material of appreciable density. The Golgi complex was more conspicuous and vesicles surrounding the complex appeared to be more numerous following the convulsive periods. These cytological changes were more extensive and prominent after 35 minutes than after five minutes. Mitochondria were comparable in appearance to those of control cells and vesicles of the axosomatic and axodendritic endings did not seem to differ structurally or numerically from those of control tissues

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMucosal reduplications of the ampullary mucosa in the major duodenal papilla have been found to be of two types: (1) columnar‐shaped projections apparently related to the wall of the terminal bile duct in adults only, are structures acquired postnatally; (2) leaf‐like flaps that are generally transversely oriented along the caudal wall of the ampullary space both in adults and in fetuses are congenital structures concerned in guarding the orifice of the main pancreatic duct against the incursion of back‐flowing f

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091500311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY