摘要:

AbstractThe bulbar and spinal components of the accessory nerve of the pig are thoroughly integrated in a common trunk at the jugular foramen. The fibers of bulbar origin separate from this trunk to form the internal ramus. The latter is especially demonstrable in the pig, since it is independent over a considerable distance in the upper part of the neck before joining the vagus. As far distally as the origin of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the efferent fibers contributed to the vagus by the accessory nerve remain histologically separate from the afferent fibers belonging properly to the vagus. Parasympathetic, branchiomotor and afferent fibers can be distinguished in the vagal trunk without the necessity of inducing selective degeneration by supranodose vagotomy.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA detailed study of the lymph node anatomy of the dog is presented, and a technique for surgical excision of the thymus, spleen, and all gross lymph nodes is described. The dissections were performed after intravenous administration of pontamine blue to living animals.Major excision of the lymphoid tissue of the dog led to a modest prolongation of skin allograft survival, but it did not lead to a further increase in the allograft prolongation achieved with 6‐mercaptopurine immunosuppression when these two measures were used simultaneously. Neither did lymphadenectomy alter the leucopenia or toxicity of 6‐mercaptopurine when node excision was performed immediately prior to initiation of drug therapy. The transient nature of both the lymphopenia produced and the alteration of allograft response after lymphadenectomy suggest that there is another major contributor to the circulating lymphocyte pool. It is suggested that this may well be the lymphoid tissue in the intestinal wall.The surgical preparation described is proposed as a model for the study of lymphoid tissue depletion and regeneration in the

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe histochemical localization and quantitative levels of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase have been determined in the Harderian glands of normal ducks and ducks fed with salt to increase their serum sodium concentrations; there was no significant difference between the two groups.Acetylcholinesterase was present at a mean concentration of 68.2 μM/gm/hour (range 65.5 – 72.7 μM/gm/hour) in the normal animals and 67.6 μM/gm/hour (range 63.8 – 76.4 μM/gm/hour) in the salt‐fed group; the enzyme was present in nerves related to blood vessels. Butyrylcholinesterase was present at a mean concentration of 42.5 μM/gm/hour (range 20.4 – 58.7 μM/gm/hour) in the control animals and 40.2 μM/gm/hour (range 29.3 – 61.3 μM/gm/hour) in the salt‐fed group; the enzyme was present in epithelial cells and in nerves related to blood vessels similar to those containing acetylcholinesterase. There was a close correlation between the subjective assessment of cholinesterase activity based on histochemical techniques and the amount quantitatively measured.The gland probably secretes mucus and lipids; the epithelial butyrylcholinesterase may play a role in lipid metabolism in the tissue. The nerves may regulate the flow of bloo

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThirty‐five male an 30 female rabbits of large race III derived from the New Zealand White race and the same numbers of small race X, from Castle's small race, were used in this study.Earlier studies on these two races have shown that the males are more variable in body weight and body length; and that the individual bones are likewise more variable in weight and in length in the males.In this study, body weight and the weight of the entire skeleton were correlated on the basis of the null hypothesis with the individual bone weights and the individual bone weights were intercorrelated. The correlations are, for the most part, higher in the males than in the females of both races. The males of small race X have higher correlations than the males of large race III.Thus, although the entire body size varies more in the males. the weights of the bones are, for the most part, more closely correlated with body weight and total skeletal weight and with the other bones in the males than in the females.Some of the lowest correlations are with bones having large proportions of cancellous bon

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThirty male rats (Sprague‐Dawley), 25 days of age, were placed in exercise cages for seven days. They were matched into trios on the basis of the last four days total exercise and randomly placed in three groups:sedentary,spontaneous exerciseandforced exercise. For the next 35 days, thesedentary groupwas permitted no exercise other than that allowed by their small individual cages. Thespontaneous groupremained in activity cages while theforced groupin addition to being in activity cages, swam one 30‐minute period each day with weights equal to 20% of the body weight attached to their tails. At the end of the 35‐day activity period, the animals were sacrificed. The hind limbs were injected with India ink, embedded in gelatin and cut on the freezing microtome. The cross‐sectional area ofredandwhitefibers from the gastrocnemius muscles were measured by using the polar planimeter. Ink‐filled capillaries were counted, in conjuction with fiber measurements.With forced and voluntary exercise programs there was a greater increase in crosssectional area of theredthan of thewhitefibers. Under the same conditions, the increase in the number of capillaries per fiber was greater forwhitethan for

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aortic nerves of 24 Chester White swine were identified electrophysiologically by the synchronization of the recorded action potentials with the cardiac cycle; and the occurrence of the maximum firing rates observed on the oscilloscope during systole. The aortic nerve, thus identified, was traced to the aortic arch in two preparations. The left aortic nerve was a separate bundle in 15 of 24 (62.5%) swine investigated. In the remaining 37.5% of the swine the nerve was dissected from within the vagus after identification at the level of the nodose ganglion. At this level the aortic nerve leaves the ganglion with the superior laryngeal nerve, runs caudomedially with it a short distance, then loops back laterally into the vagus to run caudally to the arch of the aorta. An aortic nerve was not observed in the right vagus nor in the sympathetic trunk of either side. The myelinated fibers counted from six aortic nerves were less than 10 μ in diameter with the majority in the 2–6 μ range, and averaged 542 in num

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPairs of fine wire electrodes were inserted into the lateral, medial and long heads of the triceps brachii, into the anconeus, biceps brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis muscles. Each pair of electrodes was connected to an EMG integrator coupler in an eight channel recorder. Many movements and exercises were studied, and the relative contribution made by each muscle to any given movement was appraised.The anconeus initiates extension of the elbow and acts to maintain extension and to stabilize the elbow joint during other motions involving the upper extremity. The anconeus is responsible for fine control, but its activity frequently decreases when the more powerful triceps brachii contracts or when it loses its mechanical advantage at full extension. In pronation, the anconeus is very active; whereas during supination the anconeus is less active, and the triceps counteracts the powerful pull of the biceps brachii.The long head of the triceps also works as an adductor of the arm. When the triceps assists the anconeus in stabilizing the joint, the biceps brachii, brachialis and event the brachioradialis may contract to counteract any tendency to further extend the joint.

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBioassay data demonstrate that trophoblastic elements of the midpregnancy rat placenta contain a substance or substances possessing luteotropic and mammotropic properties. This material is also present in high potency in maternal serum but only at midpregnancy. The standard bioassay animal preparation utilized in demonstrating these properties was the immature, PMSG‐stimulated, hypophysectomized female Long‐Evans rat. The end point for detection of luteotropic activity was the deciduoma reaction and that for detection of mammogenic activity was proliferation of locally treated mammary parenchyma. The local injection of oneday 12placental equivalent daily for seven days consistently induced deciduoma formation and mammary parenchymal proliferation. Similar responses were observed in animals injected with 0.1 ml serum from peripheral blood of theday 12pregnant rat.These biological extracts also possessed lactogenic activity, which was demonstrated by mammary secretory response to trophoblastic extracts and midpregnancy serum containing prednisolone acetate in suspension. Assay animals used in detecting this activity had been hypophysectomized, ovariectomized, and adrenalectomized.The pigeon crop sac responded weakly and tibial epiphyseal cartilage failed to respond to large doses of the biological extracts. No target organs other than the corpus luteum and mammary gland were found. It is proposed that an appropriate designation for this hormone would be Rat Chorionic Mammotropin (R

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSkin specimens were obtained from every representative region of the body of an adult Finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and examined by means of various histochemical and histological techniques. The following characteristic features were found:The epidermis is exceedingly thick over the general body surfaces and varies from a maximum of 3.0 mm over the ventral surface to 2.5 mm on the back.The complex understructure of the epidermis has rete ridges oriented to the craniocaudad body axis.The papillary layer of the dermis has long and pointed papillae which are wedged into the epidermis.The sensory cutaneous nerve endings demonstrated by silver impregnation and cholinesterase consist predominantly of small Vater‐Pacini corpuscles situated in the higher level of the dermis.The intricate blood capillary network, positive for alkaline phosphatase is encased in the dermal papillae.There are no hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat gland

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA cephalometric radiographic appraisal of the anteroposterior skull growth which occurs during a one‐year interval was made on 71 caucasoid males at the Baylor University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas. The subjects were from 22–34 years of age. The dimensions assessed were the anterior cranial depth, the posterior cranial depth, upper facial depth, middle facial depth and lower facial depth. A significant increase was shown to occur in all the dimensions over a period of one year except that of the lower facial depth. It was concluded that skull growth does occur in male adults after the age generally accepted as that of matur

ISSN:0003-276X    

DOI:10.1002/ar.1091590111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY