摘要:

AbstractThis research examined the hypothesis that aggressive vs. nonaggressive individuals differ in their spontaneous trait inferences, i. e., inferences made without any conscious intention of inferring characteristics of an actor. We anticipated that spontaneous processing conditions would be more revealing of aggressive/nonaggressive differences than would conditions that prompt deliberate inference processes. We used a cued‐recall paradigm. Aggressive and nonaggressive subjects were instructed to memorize sentences that were open to either hostile or nonhostile interpretations. Sentence recall was then cued by either hostile dispositional terms or by words that were linked semantically to the element of the sentences. Within the spontaneous inference condition, semantic cues prompted twice as much recall as hostile cues among nonaggressive subjects, whereas dispositional cues aided recall more than semantic cues among aggressive subjects. As predicted, within the delinerate inference conditions there were no aggressive/nonaggressive differences. The nature of spontaneous vs. deliberate inferential processes and the advantages of spontaneous inference paradigms for testing predictions about schema‐based processing in aggression are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<405::AID-AB2480210602>3.0.CO;2-N

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAgreement between social problem‐solving scripts of aggressive and sociable adolescents and their parents was studied in the sample of a total of 282 subjects (94 adolescents 94 mothers, and 94 fathers). Social problem‐solving scripts were assessed by describing the subjects' three stories in which a hero was pressured by his peers into criminal or immoral behavior. The subjects were subsequently asked a series of questions focusing on their problem‐solving scripts and the motivation of those scripts. In addition to their own scripts the parents were asked how they thought their children are likely to think and behave. The statistical analysis used was a personality‐oriented pattern approach. The results indicated extremely low if there was any congruence be tween adolescents' and their parents' social decision‐making scripts. Parents' expectations were, however, in line with the peer‐rated behavior of their children, i. e., aggressive children were expected to have aggressive scripts while sociable children were expected to be totally “good.” This was not true with the children's own scripts. The findings are discussed in terms of appropriate reinforcement, perceived self‐efficacy, and supportive parent‐child relationship. ©

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<419::AID-AB2480210603>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNumerous studies have implicated the role of the prefrontal cortex in the expression of aggressive behavior. However, the nature of this relationship remains poorly understood. As such, the purpose of this article is to review both the animal and human literature pertaining to prefrontal cortical functioning and aggression in an attempt to help clarify this relationship. Particular attention is paid to differentiating the functions of the dorsolateral and the orbital regions of the prefrontal cortex in the expression of aggression. Evidence was garnered from four different types of studies: 1) those examining aggressive behavior in animals following ablations to the prefrontal cortex; 2) those examining aggressive behavior in humans following surgical and accidental lesions to the prefrontal cortex; 3) those examining prefrontal cortical functioning in individuals with psychiatric disorders characterized by aggression; and 4) those relating prefrontal cortical functioning to human aggressive behavior in laboratory situations. The general conclusion of this article is that the dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex is more likely to be involved in the expression of physical aggression whereas the orbital region is more likely to be involved in the expression of what is termed herein “disinhibited‐nonaggressive” behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<431::AID-AB2480210604>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn decapods, no analysis has ever been conducted of the force exerted by chelae, and the role that strength plays in the establishment of hierarchies. For this purpose, a device was designed to measure the force produced by the major chela in the freshwater crabPotamon fluviatile, where dominance hierarchy and agonistic behavioral patterns have previously been analyzed. Experiments showed that only in the females is strength the main factor influencing the outcome of contests. In males chela size more than chela strength is used to settle conflicts, together with other nonphysiognomic characteristics, molding the aggressive state of one individual, such as its history, including isolation from conspecifics, and possibly hormone concentration and metabolic levels.

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<451::AID-AB2480210605>3.0.CO;2-L

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<463::AID-AB2480210606>3.0.CO;2-B

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<469::AID-AB2480210607>3.0.CO;2-R

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6<::AID-AB2480210601>3.0.CO;2-Y

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY