摘要:

AbstractThis study assessed whether some of the correlates of learned helplessness—depression, low self‐esteem, and a maladaptive attributional style—are long‐term consequences of child abused. In this study, 260 subjects were identified as physically abused, psychologically abused, both physically and psychologically abused, or nonabused, based on responses to the Child Abuse Questionnaire (CAQ).Subjects were tested for levels of nonclinical depression via the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), for levels of self‐esteem via the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSE), and for the adaptiveness of attributional style via the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ). It was hypothesized that each of the three abuse groups would differ from the control group on the three dependent measures; differences among the three abuse groups were also explored.Three one‐way analyses of variance indicated that (1) BDI scores reflected a greater tendency toward depression in subjects reporting both types of abuse than in nonabused subjects or in subjects reporting either psychological or physical abuse, (2) subjects reporting psychological abuse only or both psychological and physical abuse showed lower self‐esteem than did nonabused subjects, and (3) abused subjects did not seem to exhibit a more maladaptive attributional style than that of nonabused subjects. In addition, multiple linear regression analyses pointed to psychological abuse as a critical variable in predicting levels of depression, self‐esteem, and attributional style, when physical abuse effects were controlled. Controlling for the effects of psychological abuse, however, indicated that physical abuse did not significantly contribute to the variance in these variables. Implications for the learned helplessness model and for future research are discussed. © 19

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<171::AID-AB2480180302>3.0.CO;2-I

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study tests the proposition derived from behavioral genetic theory that genetics and environmental variables have different effects across different environments. I examine the effects of intellectual imbalance [performance IQ (P) significantly greater than verbal IQ (V)] a variable assumed to be heritable to some extent, and love deprivation, a composite variable consisting of various indices of parental abuse and neglect, on violent delinquency within different socioeconomic status (SES) environments. The findings are consistent with behavioral genetic theory, in that love deprivation could not explain any unique variance in violent delinquency after P>V explained all that it could in the advantaged environment (49.5%), and P>V could not explain any unique variance in the disadvantaged environment after love deprivation explained all that it could (28.8%). It was also found that love deprivation explains a highly significant 30.5% of the variance in P>V among SES‐disadvantaged subjects, thus supporting those who posit that environmental disadvantages contribute significantly to intellectual imbalance. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<187::AID-AB2480180303>3.0.CO;2-X

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMost previous research on sex differences in experienced aggression has confounded the sex of the aggressor and of the target by considering married or dating couples. In the present study, black and white male and female college students were asked about specific acts of aggression which they had received from or directed toward a male or female. As predicted, males were likely to have both received and exhibited more forms of aggressive behavior, although females were somewhat more likely to have been honked at, to have been forced by a male to have sex, and to have slapped someone. Few racial differences were found, but it appeared that blacks might have been relatively more likely to exhibit physical aggression and whites to exhibit nonphysical aggression. Some differences were found in specific behaviors directed toward and received from males and females, but in general subjects said that they received more aggressive behaviors than they directed toward others. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<201::AID-AB2480180304>3.0.CO;2-G

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA multiple factor approach was used to test additive and multiplicative models as well as to isolate a best predictive model of physical aggression. The variables of aggressive learning history, provocation, sex of target, sex of subject, sex‐role orientation, and aggressive tendencies were selected. Eighty‐three males and 117 females participated in the experimental session. Multiple regression analyses indicated that multiple predictor models were able to account for significantly more variance than were single predictor models; however, multiplicative models were unable to increase predictive efficacy. A model composed of sex of target, masculinity, and aggressive tendencies was established as the best predictive model for unprovoked aggression; provocation, masculinity, and aggressive tendencies made up the best predictive model of provoked aggression. © 1992 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<219::AID-AB2480180305>3.0.CO;2-P

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEleven green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were combined into three social groups (two heterosexual, one all‐male) in enclosures with similar volume but different levels of environmental complexity (two or four compartments). Agonistic and affiliative interactions were recorded over a 21‐week period. The two heterosexual groups had their environmental complexity reduced (number of compartments reduced by one‐half and volume/floorspace reduced by one‐third) for a 5‐week period in the middle of the study. Rates of contact aggression were low throughout the study. In the group with complexity reduced to one compartment, rates of noncontact aggression and affiliative behavior increased, and remained high after complexity was restored. In the group reduced to two compartments, rates of affiliative behavior increased but rates of noncontact aggression decreased, trends which continued after complexity was restored. The all‐male group exhibited low rates of affiliative behavior throughout. Two compartments appear to foster successful group formation, but any change in a group's enclosure can have long‐term effects on rates of aggression. © 1992 W

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<231::AID-AB2480180306>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe experimentally studied the aggressive antipredator behavior of black skimmersRynchops nigernesting in a salt marsh and sandy beach with the use of a live herring gullLarus argentatus.Although there were no significant habitat differences in vegetation cover, distance from the edge of the colony, or nesting density, skimmers nesting in salt marshes were more aggressive toward the herring gull than were those nesting on the beach. Aggression increased during the first three minutes of the test, and decreased slightly thereafter. Aggression levels were highest when the gull moved compared to when it was stationary. Skimmers made few responses when a person was present with the gull, but aggression increased dramatically when only the gull remained. Our results suggest skimmers may engage in more aggressive behavior in defense of their nests than previously thought, particularly when exposed to a predator that actually takes eggs and chicks. Further, we suggest that conclusions about antipredator behavior drawn only from studies of interactions with people may need further amplification. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<241::AID-AB2480180307>3.0.CO;2-3

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<249::AID-AB2480180308>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<251::AID-AB2480180309>3.0.CO;2-X

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<255::AID-AB2480180310>3.0.CO;2-A

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:3<::AID-AB2480180301>3.0.CO;2-V

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY