摘要:

AbstractA series of four studies was conducted at ice hockey games with a view to establishing the correlates of spectator's self‐reported reasons for attending and their propensity for involvement in crowd disturbances. Spectators attending for the reason of “I like to watch the fights” and those most likely to join in a fight if one were to break out in the stands were young, single males. Ratings on the dependent variables were further related to individual differences measures of assaultiveness, psychopathy, self‐esteem, and public self‐consciousness. Anomy was unrelated to either dependent measure. Support for the false consensus effect was additionally forthcoming. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<91::AID-AB2480210202>3.0.CO;2-Z

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study examines the perceived causes of date rape by the use of network analysis. The 142 subjects in the study were presented with grids containing 9 causes listed by row and column. They were asked to indicate if they belived there was a causal link between each of the 72 causal pairings. The resulting network placed emphasis on male and female drunkenness, norms of dating, and society's attitude to date rape as distal causes of date rape. Misunderstanding of behavior by men, male attitude that date rape is unimportant, and need by males for dominance were seen as proximal causes. Further networks for each sex were constructed: these showed clear division of opinion on the causes of date rape. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<101::AID-AB2480210203>3.0.CO;2-S

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCrowding has been viewed as a factor eliciting increased levels of aggression and tension in gregarious animals. The present study tested predictions derived from two models, the “density/aggression” model and the “active coping” model, which have been proposed to explain the responses of primates to crowding. In particular, we investigated the responses of a well‐established group of long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) to short‐term crowding. The group was periodically crowded for 2‐3 hr into a familiar area. Control observations were carried out when the monkeys were in a six times larger enclosure. Data from 42 individuals belonging to different age‐sex classes showed that only mild forms of aggression increased under the crowded condition. Crowding also resulted in a decrease in counteraggression, allogrooming, playing, and exploring the environment, while it produced an increase in huddling with companions. The frequency of reconciliation and redirection was not affected by crowding. These findings do not support either of the models but suggest that macaques adopt a “conflict‐avoidance strategy” during short‐term crowding. They reduce the risk of severe aggression in an environment where interindividual distances are small by simply decreasing the level of activity. Interestingly, however, when aggression occurs during crowding, tension reduction mechanisms such as reconciliation and redirection are used as often as in control condition

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<113::AID-AB2480210204>3.0.CO;2-I

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSwiss‐Webster mice living in a visible burrow system (VBS) reacted to presentation of a live cat in the surface area of the VBS by retreat to the burrows and reductions in nondefensive behaviors such as eating and drinking. Live eat‐exposed subjects remained in the burrows 14 hr or more, while subjects exposed to a toy (plush) cat prior to live cat exposure reemerged almost immediately and made many contacts with the toy cat. However, subjects exposed first to the cat and later to a toy cat showed intermediate surface reemergence times and cat contacts during toy cat tests, indicating strong sensitization effects of prior live cat exposure. Previous studies indicated that rats in this situation show retreat to the burrows, surface avoidance, and reduction in nondefensive behaviors. The mouse pattern was similar, with the notable exception that in the first 5min block after cat presentation, mice rapidly alternated retreat to the burrow chambers with reappearance in the tunnel segment near the surface, to scan the surface visually and sniff. Movement during this time block involved a stretch attend posture characteristic also of risk assessment activities in rats. Such visual and olfactory inspection of the cat is not seen in rats in the VBS. This difference may be related to the finding that rats, but not mice, emit ultrasonic “alarm cries” during and after cat exposure. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<123::AID-AB2480210205>3.0.CO;2-E

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) is a highly aggressive and solitary rodent that shows the most striking physiological and behavioral adaptations to underground life. The eyes are not detectable externally; they are atrophied and covered by a thick layer of skin. A considerable part of the orbit is occupied by a very large Harderian gland. The current study demonstrates that during autogrooming the mole rat expresses Harderian gland materials from the conjunctival sac to the external nares and spreads them onto the fur. In contrast to other rodents, the mole rat's grooming behavior is usually confined to the front part of the body and does not progress after the head wipes to ventrolateral torso licking. Moreover, in highly aggressive encounters grooming sometimes ceases after the second phase‐the nose wipe bouts. The unique first phase of the mole rat's grooming consists of highly rapid strokes over the skinny border of the head, which we assume help to squeeze Harderian materials from the gland. Unlike other rodents, in which grooming occupies a considerable part of their waking time, mole rats, cage individually, rarely perform autogrooming behavior. Grooming in mole rats has been found to be highly correlated with aggressive encounters, and submissive animals exhibit significantly more grooming than their dominant opponents. It is speculated that the Harderian gland discharge may serve as an appeasing substance when mole rats meet to reduce the extreme aggressiveness typical of these subterranean rodents. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<137::AID-AB2480210206>3.0.CO;2-Z

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<147::AID-AB2480210207>3.0.CO;2-V

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<149::AID-AB2480210208>3.0.CO;2-M

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<151::AID-AB2480210209>3.0.CO;2-5

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<153::AID-AB2480210210>3.0.CO;2-P

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:2<155::AID-AB2480210211>3.0.CO;2-G

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY