摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines patterns of anger, aggression, and humor during 95 floor hockey games in a small fishing village in Newfoundland. The observed behaviors meet the prediction, based on evolutionary theory, that anger and aggression will be more frequent among males at the age when mate competition is most intense. Aggression was also found to be combined with humor most frequently in interactions among players attempting to form social relationships. This last finding is consistent with the hypothesis that combining humor (smiling and laughing) with what would otherwise be interpreted as aggressive behavior is a means of establishing trusting relationships between individuals. The potential contribution of an evolutionary approach to studies of anger and aggression is discussed. ©1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<167::AID-AB2480190302>3.0.CO;2-V

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA detailed coding system was constructed to study the frequency and salience of aggression in TV programs broadcast on Finnish television. Salience of aggression was measured by the brutality index which consisted of ratings concerning the (1) program context, (2) seriousness, (3) justification, and (4) dramatization of aggressive acts. When compared to previous studies of TV‐violence, the rate of aggression in Finnish TV was moderate with 3.5 aggressive acts per program hour. Only 14% of aggressive acts portrayed brutal aggression, which was mostly seen in fictional films and serials. A clear 9 pm watershed was not seen in Finland, since aggressive acts were distributed quite evenly during the TV time. Aggressiveness of a program was not related to its popularity among viewers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. ©1993 Wiley‐Li

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<175::AID-AB2480190303>3.0.CO;2-X

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe degree of acceptance of various forms of aggression in different situations was investigated by applying questionnaires to students from four Spanish regions: Castile, Catalonia, Andalusia, and the Basque Country. These data are also compared with similar studies in Finland and Poland. Although some minor differences were found between the different groups as well as some gender preferences, very similar acceptances were observed in all the populations studied, suggesting a certain universality of norms and beliefs about aggression in society. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. ©1993 Wiley‐Liss

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<185::AID-AB2480190304>3.0.CO;2-T

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study looked at differences in anger‐provoking behaviors and in verbal insults as a function of the gender of the aggressor and the target of the provocation. Responses of 416 college students revealed that males were more likely to consider a female exhibiting physical aggression or a male hurting another person as anger‐provoking, whereas females were more likely to mention condescending or insensitive behaviors from either sex, verbal aggression from a female, and physical aggression from a male. Physical aggression and hurting another provoked more anger when they came from a male, whereas dishonesty from a female evoked more anger. Females also felt that insensitive and condescending behaviors were worse when they came from a male.Most of the verbal insults were sexual in nature, with few sex of subject differences. However, it was considered worse for women to be called promiscuous; for men to be called sexually inadequate, worthless, or cowardly; for women to call men an obscene name; and for people to be called homosexual by a same sex speaker. These results are consistent both with previous research and with traditional gender role beliefs suggesting that women are more upset by condescending behaviors and that women's promiscuity, as well as men's aggression toward women, hurting another, sexual inadequacy, and cowardice, are viewed particularly negatively. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<199::AID-AB2480190305>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of social isolation on aggressive behavior and rank order have been investigated in small groups of juvenile angelfish,Pterophyllum scalare.An experimental protocol including a “double transfer” of the subjects was used, in which fish were transferred to new aquaria in groups, before subsequent isolation and regrouping. A significant decrease in aggression was observed in the first recording session following both isolation and group transfer, after which the level returned to that recorded in the home tanks. The social hierarchy was also perturbed, but changes generally involed the two highest ranking fish in two out of the three groups, and were found not to be statistically significant. The behavior patterns are interpreted as adaptive responses to environmental change. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<213::AID-AB2480190306>3.0.CO;2-X

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn previous studies we have shown that subordinate swordtail males (Xiphophorus helleri) direct more bites to their mirror image than dominants and, in confrontations with strange dominant males, approach the opponent more often during the pre‐escalation period of fights. Consequently, we predicted that fights between two omega‐males should escalate faster than fights between two alpha‐males. Indeed, in omega‐omega fights preescalation periods were shorter and biting rates were higher than in alpha‐alpha fights before the fights escalated from the first retaliation bite onward. Another new observation was that in omega‐alpha confrontations the first bite in the pre‐escalation period was executed more often by the omega‐male and there was also a tendency to bite more compared to the alpha‐male in that stage of the encounters. We conclude that sub‐ordinate males escalate faster and fight more offensively prior to escalation than do dominant males. The results cannot be explained by the “social conditioning principle.” On the ultimate level moderate costs of losing and high benefits of winning a fight, constraints on continued growth after maturing, short life‐expectancy, and habitat saturation are probably factors promoting the offensive tactics of subordinate male

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<223::AID-AB2480190307>3.0.CO;2-T

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReturn of 6 juvenile rhesus monkeys to their natal social group following an absence of 18 weeks resulted in changes in cortisol levels and absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets 24 hours later which were related to behaviors received during the 2 hours immediately following the return. Baseline blood samples were collected 1 week prier to the return and then at 24 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks thereafter and hermonal and immune measurements were made. Six subjects, matched for age, sex, weight, and rank, which had remained in the social group also were evaluated. In contrast to those subjects which remained in the group (“in‐group”), test subjects showed significantly higher cortisol levels and significantly lower absolute numbers of T‐helper and T‐suppresser cells 24 hours following return when compared to baseline values. There was a significant correlation between percent decline from baseline in absolute numbers of total T cells and total frequency of bites received during the 2 hours following return to the group (r = −0.85). Additionally, mothers of the test subjects showed a significantly greater increase in cortisol levels 24 hours following return than mothers of the in‐group subjects. Finally, for the test subjects, there was near perfect negative correlation between absolute numbers of total T cells and cortisol levels 24 hours following return (r = −0.95). These data demonstrate that return to a social group may be stressful and that the specific individual behavioral interactions may predict physiological responses. © 1993

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<231::AID-AB2480190308>3.0.CO;2-V

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<241::AID-AB2480190309>3.0.CO;2-R

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<245::AID-AB2480190310>3.0.CO;2-4

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0096-140X    

DOI:10.1002/1098-2337(1993)19:3<::AID-AB2480190301>3.0.CO;2-O

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY