摘要:

ABSTRACTLand application of treated waste water can provide unique opportunities, not only for a final high level of waste‐water treatment but for reuse of nutrients as well. Recent laws passed by Congress have made it necessary to consider land treatment when planning and designing new waste‐water treatment facilities. The three types of land treatment commonly used are (1) irrigation, (2) overland flow, and (3) rapid infiltration. Selection of the most appropriate type of land treatment for a specific site is based on several considerations, including soil conditions, geology, topography, proximity to surface and subsurface water, and climate.Ensuring the protection of ground water is essential when siting or designing a land treatment system. Ground water is an important natural resource, having considerable impact on human life and well‐being as well as high economic value. Safeguarding this important resource from contamination includes careful site selection, appropriate pretreatment of waste water prior to its application, and a program of regularly scheduled monitoring to ensure that the waste water is being properly renovated for safe release to the environment.Utilization of municipal sludge on land for agricultural production is encouraged by federal law, as is land treatment of waste water. Sludge contains concentrated wastes, and there are practical limitations on the levels of heavy metals, salts, and toxic substances in sludges applied to agricultural lands. Sludge is generally stabilized before being applied, to destroy pathogens, and reduce weight, volume and odor.Several case studies of successful land treatment systems presently in operation are presented to demonstrate the viability of the land treatment co

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03275.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLand treatment uses a combination of processes to manage and beneficially use waste water. It represents a revolution in sewage treatment because it (1) transforms sewage treatment from a single purpose activity into a multipurpose activity, (2) changes sewage treatment construction grants from subsidies into investments in the production of food and fiber, and (3) requires the participation of a variety of disciplines to implement successfully. Because it is revolutionary to the sewage treatment field, three situations have developed. First, it is displacing traditional technology at a record‐breaking pace. Second, its logical appeal to thinking decision makers has created a situation in which the policy makers are ahead of many technicians. Third, it is attacked with a fervor heretofore unknown in the sewage treatment field.Land treatment has logged an enviable track record in the United States. Existing systems have produced a high quality effluent at economically competitive prices. In addition, in terms of relative risk, the threat to environmental quality from a land treatment system compares favorably with advanced waste treatment system

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03276.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHalf the population depends on ground water for domestic uses. Use is increasing 25 percent per decade. Ground water is generally used with little or no treatment.Some persons would transfer the discharge of our waste products from contaminated surface streams to the land and thus relatively clean ground waters.No standards exist that protect ground‐water quality. Research necessary to give assurance that natural interaction of waste water and soils will remove, to acceptable levels, potentially harmful contaminants, organic and inorganic, that permeate today's waste streams and today's health concerns, has not been done.Success reports on land treatment of waste water have a not evaluated deterioration of ground water from organic contamination. Most waste waters contain synthetic organics in varying concentrations. EPA recommends their reduction in drinking water to the lowest possible level.Most instances of ground‐water contamination have been discovered after drinking water is contaminated. Unless the public is willing to treat ground water as it does water from surface streams, greater control of land disposal practices must be exercised. Current practice does not indicate the necessary controls are contemplated or recognized. It follows that the widespread use of the land treatment alternative is, in reality, an accident waiting to hap

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03277.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03278.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Nation's ground‐water resources constitute a vast and often unprotected resource. The Environmental Protection Agency is about to launch a number of programs designed to protect what is, in many cases, a virtually non‐renewable resource. Separate regulatory activities mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Clean Water Act must be carefully coordinated if they are to be effective.The current implementation efforts within the agency are being framed in view of our major principles which will be the focus of public comment in the months ahead. These principles are:First, the administration of the related programs will be a cooperative effort involving Federal, State and local governments, all of which must participate in formulating the program if it is to be effective.Second, the focus of the programs will be on the prevention of contamination rather than on its treatment at the point of withdrawal.Third, the applicable standards will be based primarily on technology rather than ambient ground‐water quality considerations since the effects of discharges upon ambient quality are complex, difficult to predict, and of long duration.Fourth, there is a need to balance environmental protection, energy development and continued economic prosperity objectives so that the resulting programs fully protect public health while being realistically implementable.All of us—government, industry and citizens, through acts of commission or omission—have contributed to the potential problem. We must work together if we are to get on with the important task of protecting the quality of the Nation's ground‐wate

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03279.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe necessary administrative mechanisms for protection of our underground drinking water sources, and coordination of natural resource and energy development and environmental quality programs, should be provided by a federal ground‐water control program, else today's underground contaminant disposal activities will be tomorrow's undoing. Federal regulations, however, must provide flexibility to States and industry to find the least costly means of meeting national environmental goals.A growing body of literature clearly documents cases of underground drinking water source contamination, sometimes severe, from a large variety of conditions and practices. Existing studies also indicate that this problem is pervasive: aquifers have been adversely affected in every region of the country.A federal ground‐water protection program which (1) reflects consideration of total long‐range natural resource protection and environmental quality benefits, (2) regulates in a manner so that the benefits to the environment generally exceed the regulatory costs and (3) encourages more efficient ways of meeting environmental goals in the least costly manner can and must be developed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Without an effective Federal ground‐water protection program, the underground contamination problem will likely

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03280.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPast and present guidance in landfilling has been based on inadequate information. More recent information indicates past and present recommendations/guidance may not be accurate. Current trends, as a result of RCRA (PL 94‐580), are generally following the same recommendations. The result can be greater problems from landfills constructed now and in future years than have occurred from past landfills, such as the well‐known Llangollen landfill. It is time for Congress, EPA, and others to recognize what is and is not known about the pollution potential from landfills and waste disposal, in gene

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03281.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to discuss the adequacy or inadequacy of State ground‐water protection programs, it is helpful to establish a base line which may be used as a frame of reference for the discussion. To provide that frame of reference, the 50 States were contacted and representatives were questioned as to the nature and extent of their existing ground‐water programs. The survey of States produced a wealth of information relative to the structure of various State programs and this information is presented graphically in the neutral presentation. The subject of multiple agency involvement is addressed.In addition to looking at the structure of State programs, information was collected regarding the nature of existing State statutes and regulations. Tabulation and interpretation of this information is provided to illustrate how the institutions are providing for the protection of our ground‐water resources. In addition to evaluating the various types of statutes, existing enforcement mechanisms were researched and are presented for review. Graphic presentations of the national data base are used and again several States’procedures are reviewed in detail. The topic of ground‐water quality standards was specifically addressed during interviews in order to note the extent of this developing regulatory

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn assessment of the adequacy of State involvement should include a historical perspective of resource management in the nation. A review of the record indicates that up until the 70's, Federal policy was virtually nonexistent with respect to ground‐water protection programs.Efforts of the ground‐water industry and related scientific community to gain legislative action has, within the last few years, shown progress within State government. The Federal EPA, in response to efforts of the only significant constituency, the NWWA, is now requiring ground‐water protection in their regulations.Institutional arrangements, whether national, State or local, will at least for some years to come by political necessity require central involvement of the States in ground‐water protection.The legislative and executive branch in many States have shown their willingness to act; however, without an active political constituency, legislative appropriations are provided after actual problems arise due to drought or contamination problems. Rainfall provides extra time to address quantity problems but there may not be a second chance to protect ground‐water quality. These branches of government have the monetary and legal authority to act once the need is demonstrated. The record of the judicial branch indicates a need for the legislative and executive branch to design and manage programs that will avoid the necessity of court action. Continued advocacy efforts for ground‐water protection programs yet remains the responsibility of the water well industry and a small ground‐water technical constituency. The public and the politicians need to be further informed and educated about the need for ground‐w

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY