ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01276.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe planned development of an individual water supply from a group of wells must take into consideration several controllable and uncontrollable factors. The uncontrollable factors may include aquifer coefficients of transmissibility and storage, aquifer boundaries, static water level, aquifer depth, recharge capabilities, and competing users. The controllable factors often include the acreage allocated to ground‐water development, well locations, and pumping rates. Well‐field design is oriented mainly toward proper selection of the controllable factors.Water requirements, the cost of water and the life of the well field are related to limitations of acreage, draw‐down of water level, and investment in pumping and transmission facilities. All of these factors, in turn, are influenced by the location of individual wells with respect to one another.Well‐field design calculations involve the combined interference of water level drawdown among the various wells in the field. Repeated computational trials for various numbers of wells and well spacings may be required. Calculations using conventional methods are, in most cases, rather time‐consuming.The final design decision can be approached quickly if it is assumed that the wells have regular spacing. Through the use of a simple formula and table developed in this paper, a given well‐field problem can be calculated in a few minutes with a slide rule. When well spacing deviates appreciably from the regular spacing assumed, the final design calculations should be made with computer

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01277.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSea‐water intrusion into ground‐water reservoirs occurs when permeable formations outcrop into a body of sea water and when there is a landward gradient. Intrusion can be controlled by reducing pumping, by increasing supply, or by forming some type of barrier. A pressure barrier has been operated in Los Angeles County, California. Special facilities are needed. Costs of operation are high.The intrusion of sea water into ground‐water reservoirs can greatly impair the water‐supply systems of local areas adjacent to coastlines and tidal estuaries. Such intrusion is always the result of some activity of man either in trying to improve his environment or in his use of natural resources. Following is a discussion of how intrusion occurs, some ways of controlling intrusion, the results of one project in southern California where intrusion is being controlled, and some examples of relate

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01278.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe very diverse types of ground‐water behavior in carbonate terrains can be classified by relating the flow type to a particular hydrogeologie environment each exhibiting a characteristic cave morphology. The ground water may move by diffuse flow, by retarded flow, or by free flow. Diffuse flow occurs in less soluble rocks such as extremely shaley limestones or crystalline dolomites. Integrated conduits are rare. Caves tend to be small, irregular, and often little more chan solutionally widened joints. Retarded flows occur in artesian environments and in situations where unfavorable stratigraphy forces ground water to be confined to relatively thin beds. Network cave patterns are characteristic since hydrodynamic forces are damped by the external controls. Solution occurs along many available joints. Free flowing aquifers are those in which solution has developed a subsurface drainage system logically regarded as an underground extension of surface streams. These streams may have fully developed surface tributaries as well as recharge from sinkholes and general infiltration. Characteristic cave patterns are those of integrated conduit systems which are often truncated into linear, angulate, and branchwork caves. Free Flow aquifers may be further sub‐divided into Open aquifers lying beneath karst plains and Capped aquifers in which significant parts of the drainage net lie beneath an insoluble cap rock. Other geologic factors such as structure, detailed lithology, relief, and locations of major streams, control the details of cave morphology and orientation of the drainage netw

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01279.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn Southern California's San Bernardino Valley a unique experiment is being performed by a local water district, the State government, and a private industry. Both the experiment and the organizational arrangements for getting the job done are the subject of this paper. The experiment is the application of systems analysis technology to water resource management. The organization is formed by a combination of contracts and cooperative agreement between private and government agencies. The result is a favorable environment for the development of effective water resource management strategies.The San Bernardino Valley is similar Co many areas in the world where water resource management reduces to the allocation of locally available ground water and potential imported water resources. This paper outlines in detail the analysis tools and long‐range planning needs of effective ground‐water management strateg

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01280.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCoal mining in Appalachia has degraded both the surface and ground water. During mining, ground water is drained from the rocks and the pyrite associated with the coal beds is exposed to air. Oxidation of the pyrite produces high iron ana sulfate concentration and a lowpH in the water. Some of this polluted water flows directly into nearby streams and some moves into the ground‐water system. When the latter occurs, the iron concentration can increase up to several hundred mg/1 and the sulfates to over one thousand mg/1. Unfortunately, in most cases the cessation of mining does not stop the ground‐water pollution, and it can take many decades before the ground water again becomes usable.A detailed study of the effects of coal mining on ground water was conducted in the Toms Run drainage basin in northwestern Pennsylvania where coal mining and oil and gas well drilling have occurred for almost 100 years. The rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Age produce a multiaquifer system–three major aquifers separated by siltstone and shale beds (aquitatdes). The oil and gas wells act as a conduit system permitting acid mine drainage to move downward from the strip mines to underlying aquifers. It then moves laterally down dip and discharges as springs. The acid mine drainage adversely affects the ground‐water quality by increasing the iron and sulfate content of the water especially in the vicinity of the stri

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01281.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article contains a summary of a few disease out‐breaks caused by ground‐water contamination, and the difficulties in designing and monitoring for effective quality control. There is a discussion of problems associated with large basin recharge with treated sewage. For instance, do we have adequate microbial indicators? Or will the nitrate concentration build up if there is a semiclosed circuit involved? Chlorination of well water withdrawn for domestic use is advocated as good insurance for microbial cont

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY