ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper suggests a labor‐intensive water‐supply technique that may be classified as appropriate technology in that it conserves energy and capital (scarce inputs in developing countries) and utilizes labor (an abundant input in these same countries). The problem of collecting rain during the wet season for use during the rest of the year is compounded by evaporation and infiltration losses. Lining a shaped reservoir in a slough or gully can eliminate the infiltration losses; filling the same reservoir with uniform sand and a gravel mulch can greatly reduce the evaporation losses. Thus one creates an artificial aquifer with an appropriate technology which can supply filtered water under gravity flow with minimal maintena

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBoth rhodamine WT and tritium were found to be satisfactory tracers to determine the direction and velocity of flow of the secondary treated effluent from the Lake George Village Sewage Treatment Plant which is applied to natural delta sand beds by the rapid infiltration technique. The average vertical velocity in the unsaturated portion of the sand bed was approximately 0.85 m/day (2.8 ft/day). The horizontal flow in the saturated aquifer reached between 10 and 12 m/day (33–40 ft/day). The velocity appeared to decrease with distance from the sand infiltration beds, although this may have been the result of a change in direction of the major portion of the ground‐water flow with the observation well not being in direct line of the direction of flow. Unfortunately, the dye could be traced only slightly less than half the distance from the sand infiltration beds to the seepage area adjacent to West Brook. Thus, a positive determination that the seepage consists primarily of sewage effluent and the ultimate time of flow to the seepage could not be determined in this st

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe distribution of nitrate, chloride and dissolved solids from ground water from the Ogallala aquifer in a 27‐county area of west Texas illustrates widespread areas of poor water quality. Elements studied increased in concentration from northwest to southeast across the Southern High Plains. Northeast of a line from about Clovis, New Mexico to Lubbock, Texas, nitrate tends to be<45 mg/l, chloride is<20 mg/l, and dissolved solids are45 mg/l) occur in areas having sandy soils which have been intensively cultivated, thus leaching of nitrogen‐based fertilizers is suspect. However, the high chloride and dissolved solids, which exist in essentially the same geographic area, probably represent vertical to local lateral seepage of saline water from large alkali lake basins and local vertical migration from saline Cretaceous aqu

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA model system was developed for the purpose of studying the biological compatibility of aqueous industrial waste and subterranean disposal zones for injected waste. The model design incorporated devices for; anaerobic, aseptic compositing of effluent samples; collection of gases generated in the model elements; isolation of model elements against downstream contamination; and imposition of a normally‐distributed waste concentration profile in the feed stream. The finished model was, with the exception of operating pressure, physically and chemically similar to an existing waste disposal aquifer, and waste degradation and population growth data obtained on the model correlated with observations of the same parameters made in the real aquife

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLike many States in the American West, Arizona is flooded with conflicting claims to water, a very scarce resource. Conflicts arising from water‐rights claims by mining, agricultural and municipal entities are a traditional part of life in Arizona. Indian water‐rights claims, however, are a relatively recent development which introduce a significant and troublesome new factor into an already delicate water‐supply‐and‐demand management matrix. These claims are the topic of this paper.Any discussion about legal bases of Indian water‐rights claims must begin with an understanding of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1908 decision in theWinterscase. In that decision the Court ruled that the U.S. government impliedly reserved water rights for the Indians of the Fort Bethold Reservation in Montana when it withdrew the lands from public domain. TheWinterscase and subsequent Indian water‐rights litigation are reviewed and the impacts on Arizona water‐rights claims are projected.Finally, the author suggests that the federal government must develop substitute water sources or augment water supplies for Indians if it is to fulfill its trustee role as defined inWintersdoctrine adjudication. Five recommendations are presented for review in considering the possibilities of the two alternatives for government action relevant to solving complex water‐rights conflicts in Arizona, recommendations which may be applicable to similar problems in other water‐poor regions i

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Evangelical Lutheran Church (E.L.C.) Water Development Project, headquartered in Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India, has been involved since 1971 in developing ground‐water supplies in the Satpura Hill Region of Central India. To date, over 400 wells have been drilled in crystalline rocks and more than 100 of these wells have been pump‐tested to determine aquifer hydrologic characteristics.Crystalline rocks crop out in roughly 20 percent of the Satpura Hill Region and the main rock types are granite, gneiss, and schist. The crystalline‐rock country is gently undulating and ground‐water flow systems are of the local type being limited to small drainage basins of a few square miles in area.The controlled testing and detailed analysis of over 100 pumping tests provided an excellent opportunity to evaluate the applicability of standard analytical models for the analysis of pumping tests in crystalline‐rock aquifers.Step‐test data were analyzed by Rorabaugh's (1953) method and by a graphical method. The results indicate that well losses are significant in a number of wells tested and appear to be related to non‐Darcian flow in the aquifer adjacent to a pumped well.Constant‐rate pumping tests were used to determine aquifer transmissivity. Time‐drawdown data were analyzed by the Cooper‐Jacob (1946) approximation to the Theis (1935) equation and recovery data were analyzed by the residual drawdown method. Aquifer transmissivity ranged over two orders of magnitude from 102to 104gpd/ft (1.24 to 1.24 × 102m2/day). Pumping‐test results often enabled the prediction of aquifer conditions, such as limited aquifers, recharge and leakage boundaries,

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03225.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY