摘要:

AbstractThe television camera has become a tool of the ground‐water geologist, enabling him to examine visually the inside of a well deep below the land surface. Using the camera, the rocks can be viewed in place. Of great importance to the ground‐water studies in coastal Georgia, the camera enables the geologist to see the important water‐bearing zones in a limestone aquifer, and to recognize cracks and solution cavities, the changes in geologic formations, and the irregularities in the well bore that indicate the relative hardness of the rocks. The engineer, well driller, and water developer can examine a well when “trouble shooting” to see whether the casing is broken, whether screens are eroded, or whether the well contains obs

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSaline waters range in amount of dissolved solids from 1,000 parts per million (ppm) to several times that of sea water. Although a large number of elements are found in saline water, usually the salinity is due to high concentrations of sodium, calcium, or magnesium in combination with chloride, sulfate, or bicarbonate. At the higher salinities, the chances increase that the water will be of the sodium chloride type. Occasionally, water will be found with a very different composition. Warm waters and highly saline waters may change in composition and salinity on exposure to air, cooling, or reduction in pressure.Saline ground waters are frequently mixtures of very saline water with fresh water. If the composition of the original saline and fresh waters are known, the proportion of each in the mixture can be calculated.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe upper 350 to 400 feet of rocks underlying Lake County, Indiana, form a single but complex hydrologic system. The rock units composing this system consist (in ascending order) of dolomite, clay till (unit 4), glaciofluvial sand (unit 3), clay till (unit 2), and lacustrine sand, silt, and clay (unit 1). The dolomite and unit 3 form the principal aquifers and the clay tills, units 4 and 2, the confining layers.The geohydrology of the confining layers controls to a large extent the rate at which the aquifers are recharged from local precipitation and, thereby, their potential yield. Unit 4, the dolomite's confining layer, has an estimated average vertical permeability of about 0.003 gpd (gallon per day) per square foot. Under present conditions of head difference, the rate of recharge to the dolomite through unit 4 is estimated to average 20,000 gpd per square mile. Unit 2, the confining layer for unit 3, has an average estimated vertical permeability of about 0.007 gpd per square foot. Under present conditions of head difference the recharge through unit 3's confining layer is estimated to average about 100,000 gpd per square mile. However, these rates of recharge can be expected to increase as the head difference across each confining layer increases with extensive development of the aquifer.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSaline waters usually are more corrosive to metals than ordinary fresh waters. To predict whether saline ground water will be corrosive to steel, it is necessary to understand the effect of such factors as: (1) the salt content, (2) the dissolved gases, (3) the pH, (4) the temperature, and (5) the tendency to form mineral scale. If the water contains several thousand parts per million of sodium and other chlorides, it is likely to attack many metals, particularly steel and low‐alloy steels. Stainless steels, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and some nickel‐base alloys also may be attacked, depending on conditions.Of the dissolved gases, oxygen is most important. The higher the oxygen content the more corrosive the saline water, particularly to steel. On the other hand, high‐oxygen content tends to promote passivation of aluminum and stainless steels. If the saline water is acid (with a pH well below 5), direct attack of the metal accompanied by hydrogen evolution may be expected. Under these conditions, the rate of attack often is very rapid and oxygen is not needed for the corrosion reaction.As the temperature is increased, the corrosion rate usually is accelerated. However, if one considers a saline water at atmospheric pressure, an increase in temperature will reduce the oxygen solubility. It has been observed that high‐temperature brines from anaerobic wells usually do not corrode steel. Also metastable waters, containing calcium and magnesium salts, may form mineral scale upon being heated. This scale, if it forms a tight coating, slows down or stops corrosion. Galvanic couples in equipment such as valves, pumps, screens, and well fittings in general, often are a serious corrosion problem in practice.It is recommended that pilot corrosion studies be made of candidate designs in a specific ground water at the pressure and temperature which exists in service. Many saline waters, particularly those containing oxygen, are found corrosive to common metals. Some of the factors which influence corrosion are de

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Carrizo sand aquifer of Eocene age furnishes water to wells in a belt extending from the Rio Grande in South Texas northeastward to Louisiana, a distance of 500 miles. It is one of the most important water‐bearing formations in Texas, and has a large potential for additional development of ground wate

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLakes and ponds are “stored” waters or a water bank “principal,” the interest being the diffused surface waters, underground waters, and natural streams or water courses depositing in the “storage.” The natural use of “surface water” or waters able to be seen, has been for the most part the major concern of water bankers, but the time has come to put the “vault storage” into circulation and make it a part of the “money flow.”Ground water can be removed for use in amounts depending in part on the quantity of water in the underground storage reservoir. A ground‐water reservoir must be “drawn down” to cause its greatest efficiency. The rate of depletion of the various natural resources makes it mandatory that we use our “water bank account capital” where such use can provide benefits to mankind not otherwise available, where such “capital” depletion is over a sufficiently long period to allow adjustment prior to complete depletion, and where the cost of capital for such use can be amorti

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the effect of recharging warm air conditioning and storm waters on ground‐water temperatures in the West Lafayette, Indiana area and to establish the direction of flow of the recharged water out of the recharge pit.During 1961–62 Purdue University has discharged approximately 4.0 MGD (million gallons per day) of water at an abandoned gravel pit south of the campus. This water had a temperature averaging 77° F and a phosphate content of about 4 ppm. In order to obtain the proposed objective, weekly temperature measurements were taken at selected points throughout the area involved in the study. Water samples were collected at some of these locations every two weeks. The samples were analyzed for phosphate content. The research program extended over a period of twelve months.The results obtained indicated that the influence of ground‐water recharge on ground‐water temperatures appeared to be localized to a small area surrounding the pit. No evidence was found to indicate that recharge at the pit was causing any increases of ground‐water temperatures for more than about 1,000 feet from the pit.Although the results of phosphate testing were not conclusive, they seemed to be in close agreement with the temperature measurements in indicating the direction and velocity of ground‐water flow. The direction of flow of the recharged water was found to be south toward the Wabash River, but could only be established for a short distance (approximately 1,000 feet). Ground‐water velocity was calculated to be about 1.7 feet per day using ground‐water temperatures as the tracer, and 2.3 feet per day when phosphate concentration was

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring recent years an ever‐increasing number of oil operators in West Texas have been faced with the problem of securing relatively large amounts of water to stimulate additional oil production from the region's waning oil reservoirs. Such operations are termed secondary recovery, or in particular, water flooding, which consists of forcing and stripping oil from the voids of the oil reservoirs by the injection of water through retired oil wells. As previously mentioned, this process requires relatively large amounts of water of a quality compatible with the oilfield equipment and the oil reservoir.From 1949 through 1959, in a 30‐county West Texas area, secondary oil recovery operations have increased from 14 to 223 projects. As of January 1960, in the Southern High Plains from Hockley and Cochran Counties, southward through Midland and Ector Counties, there were 96 source wells producing about 12,000 acre‐feet of water annually for water‐flooding ope

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1963.tb01936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY