ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03336.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA new method of testing anisotropic, inhomogeneous multiple aquifer systems developed by the author makes use of small diameter bore construction techniques and enables simultaneous testing of superposed aquifers and aquitards (aquicludes).Because of the low cost of the method the hydraulic properties of the multiple aquifer system can be determined at many sites distributed throughout the area of interest, enabling simulation of the local and regional ground‐water flow conditions and other hydrological characteristics of the system.Since its development in 1964 the technique improved and was employed in ground‐water investigations. Data and results from the inhomogeneous, anisotropic multiple aquifer system west of Melbourne are gi

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03337.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTChemical and isotopic analyses were made of water from wells in and downgradient from a landfill to determine chemical and isotopic effects of generation and migration of leachate on ground water. The distribution and wide concentration range of oxygen and methane permit the delineation of an anaerobic zone, a regional oxygenated zone and an intermediate zone. The ratio of reduced nitrogen to nitrate indicates location of reducing fronts as the leachate migrates. The pH of the native ground water is low (≥5.0) primarily because of the low pH of rainfall and the lack of calcareous or other soluble minerals in the aquifer material. The pH is higher (∼6.6) in the leachate because of generation of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. The native ground water has a low TDS (80 mg/l) while the leachate has an average TDS of 2800 mg/l and is primarily a NaHCO3type water. Sulfate concentrations are extremely low and H2S was not detected.We suggest that a major source of cations may be their exchange from the clays by the ammonium generated in the leachate. High concentrations of Fe and Mn are attributed to a source in the refuse but more important to reduction of oxide cements and coatings resulting from degradation of organic matter. The main source of bicarbonate is from organic degradation with minimal CO2from the soil zone. At one landfill site 52% of the total alkalinity is attributed to organic compounds, mainly organic acid anions. The δ13C of bicarbonate in the leachate is exceedingly heavy (+18.400/00) which results from fractionation during the formation of methane. The 10 per mil deuterium enrichment of water may be due to decomposition of deuterium‐enriched compounds and bacterial processes that preferentially consume the lighter hydrogen i

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03338.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIncreasing population and industrial development in northwestern Ohio indicated the need for an evaluation of the bedrock ground‐water resources of the region. A digital ground‐water model was designed and used as a tool for predicting water‐level declines resulting from projected ground‐water withdrawal. Potentiometric surfaces, keyed to historic, accelerated, and peak projected ground‐water withdrawals, were predicted by decades to the year 2036. These withdrawals at the calculated rates will cause severe overdrafts at Lima, Toledo, and Findlay, Ohio, and at Ft. Wayne, Indiana, by the

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFrom the 195O's to the early 1970's expansion of sanitary sewerage in southwest Nassau County contributed to progressive declines in ground‐water levels. Since the early 197O's, however, 10 years after the area was fully sewered, water levels have not declined significantly, which suggests that the water table may have reached a new equilibrium position. Double‐mass‐curve analyses show that during 1953‐76 the average weighted ground‐water levels in a 32‐square‐mile (83‐square‐kilometer) part of the sewered area declined 12.2 feet (3.73 meters) more than those in the unsewered area to the east. However, by 1973 this decline was 13.5 feet (4.1 meters). Finite‐difference digital‐model results indicate that 3.6 feet (1.1 meters) of the relative 1953‐76 decline was due to pumping in adjacent Queens County and that most of the remaining decline was a result of sewerage. Streamflow within the sewered area decreased in response to the lowered ground‐water levels, and ground‐water levels in the adjacent unsewered area were also lowe

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03340.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe results from a 1 1/2‐year study of ground‐water quality in the vicinity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, support the suggestion by other researchers, that chloride and sulfate are the principal products of urbanization which alter ground‐water chemistry. In addition to chloride and sulfate, ground‐water samples, from the Menomonee River Watershed contained relatively high concentrations of ammonium, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria. Field data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by municipal and industrial wastes and (or) leakage from sewer lines. Some additional chloride contamination by infiltration of road salt is also su

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe artesian Casper aquifer, comprised of 700 ft of interbedded limestones and sandstones, currently supplies 70 percent (3.5 Mgal/d) of the municipal‐water needs of Laramie, Wyoming. Large transmissivities occur in fracture zones associated with faults and folds in the area, and water discharges from several springs localized along these structures. Transmissivities in fracture zones are 100 times greater than those in unfractured parts of the aquifer. The overlying Satanka Shale is a regional confining unit even in most areas of fracturing, and is a source of poor quality ground water. Prospecting for new ground‐water supplies near Laramie involves mapping the tectonic structures and drilling into them once they are identif

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03342.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFor 110 years, Laramie, Wyoming, has obtained most of its municipal water from the Casper aquifer. As demands on the supply increased, the philosophies governing the management of the aquifer gradually changed. There has been an evolution through the following policies: (1) initial inflow‐outflow safe yield concept, (2) simple conjunctive‐use ground‐ and surface‐water system, and (3) the beginnings of a conjunctive‐use system that relies heavily on the storage properties of the aquifer.The evolution of management policy resulted from the press of changing demands on the system rather than innovative technical or scientific insights. Most technical advice solicited by the city in the past dealt with the immediate problem of how to augment the total supply. Through experience, the city became aware of the physical response and storage properties inherent in the aquifer, and by 1940 peak demands were being met by pumpage of water from storage. The city is currently weighing the advantages of purchasing additional surface‐water rights, and has seriously asked its advisors if the aquifer can be managed solely as a peak‐use reservoir. Under the proposed regime, large volumes of water would be withdrawn periodically from storage to meet summer and drought demands, while normal demands would be met from impounded surface water in the

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn an area of faulted, cavernous, carbonate rocks of Ordovician age near Lebanon, Missouri, sewage‐treatment‐plant effluent was traced from Dry Auglaize Creek, a losing Ozark stream, to Sweet Blue and Hahatonka Springs in an adjacent basin. Rhodamine WT dye (20‐percent solution) was used to trace the subsurface movement of the effluent. Activated charcoal packets and grab samples of water were collected at 10 sites where dye might be expected to reappear and at a control site outside the area. The leading edge of the dye reached Sweet Blue Spring, a distance of 22.5 km from the injection point, 25 to 30 days after injection, and Hahatonka Spring, at a distance of 29.0 km, 45 to 50 days after injection. The apparent underground travel rate, based on straight‐line distances between injection and resurgence points, was 0.6 to 0.8 km

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFew studies have been performed on the occurrence of enterovirus contamination of ground water. In this study, 99 ground‐water samples were examined for the presence of enteroviruses, total bacteria, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci by standard methods. Enteroviruses were isolated from 20% of the samples. Viruses were isolated from 12 samples which contained no detectable fecal organisms per 100 ml. No statistical correlation between presence of virus and bacteriological indicators could be determined. The widespread failure of current bacteriological standards to indicate the presence of potentially pathogenic enteroviruses in ground water is an area of concern that requires more stud

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY