ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01642.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA totally new concept, called the Deep Tunnel Plan for Flood and Pollution Control, is being implemented by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Chicago. The plan envisions temporary storage of combined sewer overflows in a system of tunnels excavated in solid rock, deep under the City. After the end of a storm, the stored water would be pumped to the surface where it would be treated to remove pollution before being discharged into the waterways.Early planning studies indicate that the most favorable location for the tunnels is the Galena‐Platteville Dolomite which is the uppermost member of the Cambrian‐Ordovician aquifer. The protection of this highly‐developed aquifer from any possible contamination is therefore mandatory for the feasibility of the Deep Tunnel Plan.Preliminary investigations using an electric analog model, constructed on the basis of available data, indicate that aquifer protection can be provided by a system of recharge wells which would maintain flow into the tunnels at all times. Further detailed studies are in progress to verify and refine those preliminary conclusions. These studies include (a) detailed exploratory drilling; (b) controlled aquifer tests in selected zones; (c) pumping tests for specific capacity in the zone to be tunneled; (d) recharge injection tests; and (e) analog model analysis for future effects of the tunnels and recharge opera

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHazards to ground water may result from adding to water which may infiltrate the soil, or to the soil through which water percolates, wastes from man's life processes; his industrial and commercial activity; or his use of water, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. From experimental data it is evident that particulate matter, including bacteria and viruses, do not move far with percolating water in a soil system. The chemical products of biodegradation of organic wastes, however, with a few exceptions such as phosphates, move quite freely and hence reach ground water. Since they are no different than the compounds found in ground waters the effect of domestic use of water is generally to increase the concentration of salts normally present in such waters. From the vast spectrum of compounds produced by the chemical industry and used in industry and commerce comes hazards to ground‐water quality such as metal ions, phenols, tar residues, brines, and exotic organics which may through accident, carelessness or waste‐water discharge contaminate ground water. Mineralization with nutrients and soluble soil fractions, and possibly, pesticide residues are the hazards from agricultural use. Leaching from solid waste landfills is possible under poor long‐term management and might involve chemicals, iron, and various earth minerals. It is concluded that the most serious hazard is the buildup of dissolved solids to levels inimical to beneficia

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGround water of acceptable quality is commonly interspersed with water of inferior quality. Water of inferior quality may be naturally occurring salty water commonly underlying fresh water, or it may be enclaves of contaminated water from wastes that lie in the fresh‐water bodies. Disposal of wastes on and in the ground and pumping of water from wells cause a dispersion of contaminated water; migration of contaminated water toward wells may be spontaneously induced by the natural hydraulic gradient, or it may be induced artificially by the cone of depression about one or more wells. Economic methods of determining precisely the boundary zones between contaminated and uncontaminated water are not available. Much reliance is placed on monitoring wells.A prerequisite to monitoring is a synthetic hydrogeologic framework or model in which the behavior of the contaminated water is conceived. Such a conceptual model, using pertinent data that are available, helps to assess the need for monitoring and to guide a monitoring program for optimum results. Unplanned, indiscriminate monitoring of water from wells is expensive, inefficient, and fallible. The need for monitoring will increase in the future; yet, the proper objective is to improve the technology of determining the distribution of contaminated water so that monitoring can be minimized and conducted with optimum result

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe interdisciplinary graduate program in hydrogeology at the University of Idaho is described. The curriculum is structured to permit the design of individual study programs which are in keeping with multiple use concepts. Flexibility sufficient to permit courses to be taken in several fields which support the students' major area of research is provided. This flexibility is maximized by the offering of two degree options. Discussion of a number of the research projects at the University illustrates several of the types of problems now being studied.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe University of Connecticut well field is located in a sand and gravel ice‐contact stratified drift aquifer which fills the Fenton River valley to a depth of about 60 feet. The water that supplies these wells consists of captured ground‐water underflow which would normally discharge into the Fenton River, and water induced directly into the aquifer from river flow by pumping. Measurements of streamflow made at three weirs installed in the Fenton River adjacent to two of these pumped wells show the influence of wells on streamflow. Approximately 34 percent of the water pumped from the wells was stolen from the river via induced streambed infiltration, although this figure varies in accordance with pumping. Water‐level measurements in 30 observation wells installed in the aquifer around the pumped wells show that the cones of depression spread underneath the river, following coarse‐grained partially buried eskers. The fact that the water table is detached from the river and is below the streambed near the pumped wells is explained by the low vertical permeability of the streambed in contrast to the horizontal permeability of the rest of the aquifer. The streambed is unable to recharge the aquifer with as much water as the aquifer can carry away. Time‐drawdown pumping test plots show no effect of

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGround‐water development frequently provides a means whereby tremendous new economic opportunities are opened up. If supplies are overdrawn (mined) the ensuing regional economy may be able to afford replacements from more costly sources. In the United States the Salt River Valley of Arizona and the valleys of California provide examples.Two cases are treated in this paper, Israel and West Pakistan. In Israel, besides furnishing more than half of the basic source of water supply, ground‐water development provides opportunity for both quantity and quality management, which makes possible use of surface supplies and reclaimed sewage as firm rather than marginal sources. This development will permit the total water resource of this small country, where agricultural production ranks among the world's most efficient, to be utilized effectively down to almost the last drop by the mid 1970's. Israel must then look to desalted water from the sea for‐further expansion of its over‐all water supply.In West Pakistan a combination of level terrain and leaky canals since about 1890 led to threatened waterlogging and salinity of more than 25 million acres of irrigated land, even though supplies were less than half adequate for good productivity. By the 1950's low yields and increasing population threatened starvation. However, initiation of ground‐water development, first by the government and later by private enterprise, has, since 1960, led to construction of 3,500 governmental tube wells of about 3 cfs capacity and 30,000 private tube wells of slightly less than 1 cfs capacity.Results have been dramatic. Agricultural production and use of fertilizer are rapidly increasing, and opening of well development to private enterprise is providing the irrigator with benefits of free competition for his water custom which he did not previously enjoy. Ultimately, besides providing full supplies for an estimated 26 to 30 million acres, drainage and salinity problems will be mitigated if about 50 million acre‐feet are pumped each year from ground water including about 28 million acre‐feet to be mined from a reserve of about 1,900 million acre‐feet. With some difficult surface storage development due to terrain, mining may eventually be reduced. Though an eventual technological solution for the continuing overdraft is not now in sight, perhaps an economy may be built which can afford such a solution when

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1968.tb01648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY