ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this short paper, selected water quality problems and the research efforts aimed at their solution supported under P. L. 88–379 (the Water Resources Research Act of 1964) at State Water Research Centers are presented. The water quality problems and associated research efforts presented are not necessarily of high priority with respect to the national needs for water quality knowledge; rather, the problems and research discussed are presented as typical of local or regional situations and as examples of the awareness of State Water Resources Research Centers to the local or regional needs for improving water quality management.Selected water quality problems associated with urban‐ ization, modern agriculture, industry, recreation, and natural environments are discussed with respect to the needs for new knowledge leading to improved management of water resources. Selected Water Resources Research Centers' projects with the objectives of discovering some of that new knowledge are discussed with respect to the research approach adopted by the investigat

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMaximum yields from minimum aquifers can be accomplished only by strict adherence to best known practice procedures while following the three necessary steps to well completion. These steps are well design, well construction and well development.In well design good practice begins with an accurate log and the obtaining and careful testing of formation samples. From such data, optimum depth, diameters, screen settings, and gravel pack gradations for expected yields can be selected.Well construction should incorporate equipment suited for the kind of formation, size of well, and depth to be drilled. It should be operated by competent and reliable personnel capable of faithfully maintaining all specifications and finishing in a reasonable time, with a well in which all measurements shown on the log are correct.Development techniques which are appropriate for the well, aquifer, and drilling equipment should be used, al‐though it appears the high velocity horizontal jetting tool, used in conjunction with chemicals and regulated pumping, offers the most promis

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA nuclear (atomic) explosive, detonated at suitable depth below the land surface, appears to offer substantial advantages and economies as a tool in the development and management of water, under certain special hydrologic situations. It is appropriate, therefore, that we seek to understand not only the potentials, but also the limitations of such a detonation. This paper is a first, small step toward that end.Greatly over‐simplified, what does an underground nuclear detonation do that it can become a tool of water development and management? Consider first a detonation at a depth sufficiently great that none of the products vent to the atmosphere. Minimum depth for such “containment,” in feet, is close to:1in which W=explosive energy, in kil

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCriteria and factors are considered which affect the design of a Hele‐Shaw viscous flow model for use in ground‐ water studies. Procedures and construction techniques for assembling such a model are outlined. Some of the advantages and drawbacks in using a viscous flow model are discussed, Three examples are used to demonstrate the use of the m

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDuring February and March 1964, the U. S. Geological Survey ran caliper, conductance, and temperature logs on several wells in the Sarasota area. The Florida Geological Survey had previously run gamma ray and electric logs on the same wells. Two flowing wells were selected for packer testing. The two wells are about the same depth, penetrate essentially the same geologic horizons, and are about 16 miles apart. The packers were set in the wells between the producing horizons of the formations penetrated and each of the horizons was tested for head, amount of production, and quality of water. One of the tests produced excellent results, indicating that the various producing zones were effectively isolated by the packers and that different quality of water, quantity of water, and a different head was available from each zone. The other test did not show sharp differences but did indicate the extent of contamination of the producing horizons in a flowing well which had been capped for approximately two years. These tests indicate that packer testing can measurably add to knowledge of the separation of permeable zones.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Colorado Assembly passed three laws in 1965 concerning water rights. Two of the new laws pertain directly to ground water and take cognizance of the fact that some wells divert water that would otherwise reach a stream. The use of ground water is now regulated under the doctrine of prior appropriation, which has applied to the administration of surface water in Colorado since 1852. Under the doctrine of prior appropriation, the first person to make beneficial use of water establishes a right to use that water even when there is a shortage of water for later appropriators.This paper discusses the new laws as they relate to hydrologists and others concerned with hydrology. The law sets up administrative processes for implementing the use of water but raises many questions. Proper hydrologic investigations are necessary as a technical base for administration of the laws.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractQuicksand is no myth, nor is it a rare phenomenon, either on the surface or in the subsurface. There is probably quicksand in every State of the U.S.A. where enough gradient is available to produce upward moving ground water. Surface quicksand is likely to occur in hilly country, especially in regions of calcareous rocks which often con‐tain solution openings and favor the occurrence of springs. It is often present near stream banks and stream beds, either along their shorelines, under water, or occasionally in the bottom of an apparently “dry” river.Subsurface qurcksand rs found in loosely consolidated or uncemented alluvial, fluvio‐glacial, or lacustrine sediments, which are usually well sorted and clean. It has been reported to depths as great as several hundred feet, and from a few feet to as much as 200 feet thick.In water wells, a “quick” or “heaving” condition may exist (as much as 150 feet) if a confined, permeable, loose silt, sandorgravel stratum is continuous to distant higher ground, and is subject to a greater head of water existing at the higher elevation, i. e., if artesian conditions exist.Similar material may heave in a water‐table (unconfined) well, due to the natural tendency of granular materials to move toward a drill hole when lateral support is removed (the drill cuttings). Heaving results from a loss of shearing strength as pressure is reduced when a drill hole upsets natural equilibrium. Suction produced by suddenly withdrawing bailer or tools further contributes to disturbing natural conditions.Quicksand is commonly sand (usually fine to medium grained) with an effective size ranging from less than 0.001 inch to 0.005 inch. It is often finer than sugar, which has an average effective size of 0.008 inch, to which it is often compared by drillers. Stoke's Law explains why fine, round‐ ed grains become “quick” much more readily than coarser sand or gravel.If sufficiently permeable, quicksand aquifers can successfully be used for water supplies, providing proper screening devices are available. However, representative driller's samples; sieve analyses; choice of(or omission of) sand filter pack; proper slot selection; low (0.1 fps) en‐ trance velocity; and careful, patient development techniques are important prerequisites.Permeability of quicksand varies widely, but might range from approximately 50 gpd/ft to 800 gpd/ft, and average between 100 or 175 gpd/ft2. From a 5‐feet thick quicksand bed, and at shallow depths, 1 to 10 gpm may be obtained for domestic or farm supplies using screened wells and drive points. Sufficient yields (250 gpm or more) for municipal wells are also possible.Drilling and completion problems with cable‐tool wells can usually be overcome by: 1) watching casing alignment; 2) running bailer slowly; 3) keeping a continual high head of water inside casing; 4)using a heavy string of drill tools; 5) allowing controlled sand‐heaving; 6) using short casing drives; 7) jetting with high‐pressure water to wash‐free tools if seized by a sudden heave; 8) avoiding thin‐walled casing; 9) drilling with a mixture of bentonite or native clay and water sludge; and 10) casing above the surface if the well is flowing.Rotary drilling and completion problems are minimal, but unless unusual pressures are encountered, quicksand aquifers may be overlooked. Caving can be prevented by providing sufficient hydrostatic differential pressure, and by using a heavy weighted drilling fluid.Well screens can be set by bailing them down through a quicksand “plug” which may have formed, and completing using the standard pull‐back method. A self‐closing bottom (washdown fitting) can also be used to jet‐down a screen while utilizing a high‐velocity water flow.In some cases a sand filter‐pack surrounding a continuous‐slot well screen may not be advisable in quicksand, especially if the aquifer's effective grain size is approxi‐mately 0.004 inch. A naturally developed well completed with a screen having a slot as narrow as 0.005 inch may be preferable, allowing 50 to 60 percent of the aquifer to be developed slowly and carefully through the screen. A case history comparing two well design methods is presented.Both cable‐tool and rotary sampling methods in quick‐ sands are discussed. The techniques are b

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the development of the application of theoretical aquifer concepts to the administration of water rights from ground‐water sources, and exam‐ ples of the application are given. Kansas operating under the Appropriation Doctrine is applying the rule of priority of right, the first in time is the first in right, to the administra‐ tion of water rights from ground‐water sources. The application is not absolute in that some mutual interference pre‐scribed by the reasonable raising and lowering of the water level must be allowed as specified in the law.The application of hydrologic considerations in the administration of problems between individual wells is first given. The scope is then expanded and data presented for the application to large basin development where pumpage is largely from storage, using the current situation in the high plains area of western Kansas for the example.An addition to the normal ground‐water basic data collection program called a “Key Well” program is proposed where the key well is a production well. This well is to be fully instrumented to give information on diversion costs and evaluate methods of construction, as well as identify any changes in aquifer characteristics with

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1966.tb01598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1966

数据来源: WILEY