ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02917.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe disposal of all types of liquid and solid wastes threatens the health and well‐being of mankind. In recent years the constraints on the disposal of industrial and municipal wastes into rivers and the seas have prompted the disposal through wells into the subsurface. Limestone terrane is particularly amenable to the acceptance of all types of wastes in the cavernous subsurface, and has resulted in widespread contamination of shallow ground‐water resources. Highway salting has caused the contamination of thousands of household wells, causing large‐scale replacement drilling programs in some northern States. A semantics problem also has arisen, because liquid wastes injected into the subsurface have not been disposed of, but rather have been placed in a new environment. They may be in storage, they may be attenuating, or they may be changing character by reaction with the rock mass or formation fluids.The U. S. Geological Survey has been concerned with the study of ground‐water resources for more than 80 years, and with the problems of radioactive waste contamination since World War II. A newly identified program of investigations of waste emplacement into the subsurface was begun two years ago. The purpose of the program is to develop the ability to predict the fate of any wastes deliberately or accidentally emplaced in the subsurface. The program includes research contracts and grants with universities and governmental organizations as well as in‐house

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02918.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper presents some of the preliminary results of a theoretical analysis of the ground‐water infill rate of a rubble chimney produced by an underground nuclear explosion. The study was conducted to evaluate effects that various features of the hydrogeology regime have on rate of infill. This model for infill is based on the analogy of a rubble chimney to a small diameter gravity well. The infill history is approximated by integrating production from a series of steady state infill rates based on Dupuit‐Forchheimer assumptions. The model has been used for parameter sensitivity analysis. Of the aquifer characteristics, changes of the hydraulic conductivity have the greatest effect on infill; the radius of influence is most sensitive to changes in the specific yield. The effect of infill rate of using a rubble porosity that decreases with depth is small, although initial infill is more rapid. The hydrogeology data from two events where infill data are available have been used with this model for verification. For both BILBY and GREELEY events, agreement between measured and calculated infill data are good. BILBY data suggest that substantial dewatering of the rubble in the chimney occurred before much ground water entered the chimney. Comparison of the GREELEY data indicates that dewatering of the rubble is minimal but that porosity of the rubble near the surface was higher than originally anticipa

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the formerly glaciated Midwest, bedrock formations commonly are denser than overlying glacial sediments. Thus, gravity anomalies have a direct relationship to bedrock topography. Where the density contrast between the glacial sediments and the bedrock is known, the anomalies can be used to map the bedrock configuration if they can be isolated from gravity anomalies originating elsewhere in the geologic section. A method of isolating bedrock topography gravity anomalies is suggested based upon known bedrock elevations obtained from drillhole data. A regional gravity anomaly map is prepared by subtracting the excess gravitational effect of the known bedrock relief above a datum from the observed gravity anomalies at all drillhole sites. The regional gravity anomaly map is subtracted from the observed anomaly map to obtain a residual anomaly map reflecting the bedrock topography. The bedrock configuration can be calculated directly from this map. This method of isolating bedrock topography anomalies was found to be superior to the use of cross‐profiling and least‐squares polynomial approximation procedures in a study of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. The bedrock topography map of this County determined by the gravity‐geologic method shows a complex bedrock topography and drainage s

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIf there are gravity data and some geological information available from the region of an intermontane basin, then the volume of saturated sediments, volume of ground water available from storage, and the total volume of ground water can be determined from the gravitationally determined anomalous mass. The anomalous mass occurs because of a density contrast which exists between low density alluvium and high density bedrock which define the surface and subsurface boundaries of the basin. The gravity effect of the anomalous mass can be detected by a gravity survey of the basin after which it can be separated from other gravity effects by a regional‐residual separation. The anomalous mass is uniquely determined by applying Gauss's theorem to the residual gravity map.A model of an intermontane basin is developed which relates the anomalous mass to the total volume of saturated sediments. The total volume of saturated sediments is determined from the anomalous mass, the density contrasts between unsaturated and saturated alluvium and bedrock, the area of the basin, and the water table depth.The volume of water available from storage and the total volume of water in the basin are determined from the volume of saturated sediments and the storage coefficient and porosity of the sediments.The method is illustrated by a case history from Avra Valley, Arizona. It is concluded that the major advantage of this method occurs when well data are not available, because it eliminates the need for arbitrary assumptions about subsurface basin geometry to determine the volume of saturated sediment

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLeaching of heavy metals by ground water passing through mine tailings is caused by the oxidation of sulfides through the action of microorganisms. The pH of the ground water entering the tailings system is reduced by mechanisms within the tailings system itself. Action of sulfide‐oxidizing and sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria causes the formation of sulfuric acid, thereby increasing the H+and SO42−concentration within the system. Metal ions go into solution as metal sulfates, and the concentration of H2S increases by the interaction of H+and S2−Increase in H2S creates an environment suitable for the growth of sulfate‐reducing bacteria which converts SO42−to S2−and simultaneously precipitates metal sulfides at a pH near 6.6. Decrease in pH with depth destroys sulfate‐reducing bacteria, and dissolution and leaching of the tailings increase.Four lines of evidence demonstrate the presence of microorganisms in the tailings system: (1) Fe‐Mn concretions below the water table at Cataldo Mission Flats, (2) fixation of Na and K below the water table, (3) precipitation of sulfate salts on the surface of Cataldo Mission Flats, and (4) experiments on two sets of tailings samples, one from the surface which showed predominant aerobic activity and one from below the water table which showed predominant anaerobic activity. Where oxygen is sufficient, iron oxidizing bacteria oxidize Fe2+to Fe3+which forms an insoluble hydroxide. Consequently, very little iron is found in the ground water coming from the system. The combination of these mechanisms produces poor‐quality ground water wit

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02924.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1972.tb02926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY