摘要:

ABSTRACTThe City of Champaign, Illinois, began controlled landfilling of its municipal refuse as early as 1904. Since that time, the disposal of solid wastes by sanitary landfilling has developed from a desirable concept, seldom utilized, to a science, carefully implemented and regulated. Illinois is typical of an area of humid continental climate whose citizens and industries depend heavily on ground‐water supplies developed from both nearsurface and bedrock aquifers. Seasonal water‐table fluctuations may be large in some parts of the State, but ground water is seldom far below the surface. Special problems are often encountered in design of protective systems and development of monitoring programs for solid waste disposal sites in this area to safeguard valuable ground‐water resources. Critical decisions, often involving considerable time and expense to the disposal site operator, must frequently be made by regulatory agencies responsible for licensing and surveillance of solid waste disposal sites in such a hydrogeologic environment. These problems have been compounded by the fact that State regulatory agencies have only recently realized the importance of hiring hydrogeologists, soil scientists, chemists and engineers to effectively implement and enforce their environmental control programs relating to solid waste disposal.This paper summarizes the experience in Illinois of development of a rational program for protection of the State's ground and surface water from the indiscriminant disposal of solid wastes. Classes of solid waste sites recognized in the State and their position in terms of the hydro‐geologic environment are presented. Means of controlling landfill leachate, either by natural renovation in subsurface materials or by engineered collection and treatment are discussed. Examples are presented which illustrate the in‐field implementation of protective systems and monitoring devices for ground water in Illinois, which should be generally applicable to other areas of the country of similar geology an

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPeriodically, Alum Creek at the Westerville water treatment plant contains excessive concentrations of chloride, producing a salty taste. The chloride is not removed during the water treatment process. Uncontaminated surface water and ground water throughout Alum Creek basin contain less than 25 mg/l of chloride. Larger concentrations are related to man's activity in the basin, particularly oil production.The chloride content in samples of contaminated surface water ranged from 26 to nearly 28,000 mg/l while samples from oil‐field brine pits ranged between 3,000 and 57,000 mg/l.Even a brief examination of the data indicates that most of the chloride contamination in Alum Creek is due to (1) the discharge of oil‐field brines directly into the mainstem or its tributaries in the upper reaches of the basin or (2) to the discharge of contaminated ground water into streams. In many areas, the highly mineralized ground water that is now seeping into the streams may have been contaminated a decade

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBasin artificial ground‐water recharge rate at the Leaky Acres Recharge Project in Fresno, California was evaluated by Fourier analysis of temperature variations of air, basin water and ground water. The weekly mean basin‐water temperature correlated well (r = 0.982) with weekly mean air temperature. Weekly mean temperature data of the air, basin water, and recharged ground water showed that the first harmonic curve was satisfactory for determining the times of minimum and maximum temperature when convective transfer of heat was considered.The lag time between maximum basin‐water temperature and maximum ground‐water temperature at a 16 m depth (52.5 ft), showed water moved at a thermal tracer velocity of 20.8 cm/day (0.68 ft/day). The corresponding infiltration rate measured by the falling‐head method in study area basins was 18.5 cm/day (0.61 ft/day). This and other reported studies indicate that under suitable conditions with simple field instrumentation ground‐water thermometry can be used to estimate the rate and direction of recharged wat

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study is part of an interdisciplinary analysis of the economic evaluation of the water resources of the Rio Grande region of New Mexico. It was elemental in obtaining dynamic water availabilities in time and space.The relationship of dynamic ground‐water availability and aquifer behavior under projected stresses was modeled by a ground‐water system simulator based on a mass balance of the hydrologic basin. Conditions from extreme dry to extreme wet were modeled, combined with a range of different water demands. A vast amount of information was thus obtained in the form of aquifer responses for different conditions. An analogous relationship was constructed from these data by stepwise multiple regression analysis and was of the following formλd = f (dn, L)where λd = change in water‐table elevation for the time period considered, dn= water‐table elevation at the end of the previous time period, and L = a lump factor combining surface‐water inflow and outflow, precipitation, and beneficial and nonbeneficial water uses.Other results readily obtainable from the simulation runs are river accretion or depletion curves as a function of time. These curves show the diversion effects of groundwater pumping upo

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe upconing of saline water in response to pumping from an overlying layer of fresh water is investigated by numerical integration of the governing differential equation. The transition zone between the fresh and saline water is idealized as an abrupt interface. Full consideration of the nonlinear boundary conditions on the water table and interface surfaces is included for steady flow toward partially penetrating pumping wells in both isotropic and anisotropic aquifers. There exists an optimum well penetration into the fresh‐water layer which permits maximum discharge without salt‐water entrainment. The optimum penetration increases as the vertical permeability is reduced relative to the horizontal permeability. The maximum well discharge obtainable without salt‐water entrainment is greater for aquifers with a reduced vertical permeability than for isotropic aquifers, a result that contrasts with previously published conclusions. Previous analyses which linearize the boundary condition on the interface overestimate the critical disc

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIron in ground water is often present both in solution and as suspended ferric oxyhydroxides. In most instances amounts of dissolved iron in natural waters are limited by the solubility of the ferric oxyhydroxides, whether suspended or present as part of aquifer materials. Oxyhydroxide solubilities, which range widely in natural waters, may be described by pQ =‐log [Fe3+] [OH‐]3, where [Fe3+] [OH‐]3is the product of ion activities in the water. pQ. values calculated from Fe(II), Eh, and pH measurements in several types of high iron ground and surface waters (Fe(II) = 0.02 to 1460 ppm) indicate that most of the waters are in equilibrium with ferric oxyhydroxides which range from amorphous material to crystalline goethite (pQ values at 25°C from about 37 to 44, respectively). Stabilities generally increase (higher pQ's) in a given water with time. In general, the lower the dissolved iron, the more soluble is the oxyhydroxide precipitated and the slower its increase in stability. This was observed both in coastal‐plain ground waters (pQ= 36.6 ‐ 42.7), and in laboratory aged solutions. The faster the oxidation and hydrolysis rate of dissolved Fe(II), the lower the pQ, as shown by the reaction of mineralized spring waters with varying amounts of surface waters (pQ= 37.2 ‐ 41.5). Where saturation of water with siderite occurs, the siderite is in equilibrium with amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides (pQ= 36.9 ‐ 37.4 for calcium, magnesium bicarbonate ground waters). pQ values>44.2, in a flooded coal mines for example, indicate that another iron mineral such as pyrite may control dissol

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is designed to provide technical data supporting the concepts presented in the guest editorial of William H. Walker, Chairman, NWWA Technical Division, as presented inGround Water, Vol. 12, No. 5, September‐October 1974. The guest editorial was entitled, “Our Buried Resource, May It Rest in Peace.”The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment of 1972 (Public Law 92‐500) will necessitate a significant expansion of landfill facilities and operations throughout the United States by 1977. The nature of the additional materials to be introduced into landfills as a consequence of this law will require additional precautionary measures if pollution of ground water by lixiviation is to be precluded. Recent studies of the waste production characteristics of the aluminum industry contain documentary evidence for this conclusion. The aluminum industry is representative of conditions in the iron and steel industry, the ferroalloy industry, and the copper, lead and zinc industries (see Williams, 1975). Mr. Walker discussed only the fossil fuel power production industry.Public Law 92‐500 specifies July 1, 1977, as the deadline date for application of the “Best Control Technology Currently Available” to point source waste water discharges from essentially all U.S. industries. In many cases these industries convert airborne wastes to waterborne wastes by utilization of wet or semi‐wet air pollution control techniques. In the majority of these cases the best control technology currently available consists of converting these waterborne wastes to solid wastes by some combination of pH control, precipitation and coagulation. Where recycle is impossible, these solid wastes must be discarded in sanitary landfills or similar solid waste disposal sites.In primary aluminum plants wherein dry fume scrubbing is not employed, effluents from wet scrubbers used for air pollution control constitute the major waste water. The major contaminants in this water are soluble fluorides, suspended solids and organic constituents. These wastes (initially airborne) result from the production of fluoride compounds during the electrolytic process and the consumption of coke and petroleum products as anode materials. Fluoride content ranges from 10 to 30 mg/l in various waste streams. Bleed streams from wet scrubbers must be neutralized for precipitation of fluoride as calcium fluoride or sodium aluminate can be added to precipitate fluoride as cryolite. Complete recycle of scrubber effluent is precluded by sulfate buildup. The precipitated fluoride compounds are contaminated by other compounds and frequently are too impure for recycle; thus they must be landfilled. Because many of these compounds are subject to lixiviation under acid conditions extreme care will be required if pollution of ground water is to be precluded. A similar situation exists in the secondary aluminum recovery industry.The primary and secondary aluminum recovery industries constitute examples of industries wherein compliance with Public Law 92‐500 should include preparation and planning for additional landfill sites if ground‐water pollution

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe spectacular occurrence of a sinkhole near the Gulf Coast of Florida engulfed a well drilling rig, a water truck, and a load of PVC pipe on a trailer, all within less than 10 minutes. The 150‐foot diameter sinkhole, which was initially dry and extended to a depth of 59 feet below mean sea level, developed suddenly on September 19, 1974. This occurred during the drilling of a 6‐inch well in Hernando County, about 5 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico at a land surface elevation of 11 feet above mean sea level. The sinkhole which displaced 6500 cubic yards began to develop when the drill bit entered a cavity at a depth of 202 feet. Numerous satellite sinks ranging up to 20 feet in diameter occurred simultaneously with the develop‐ ment of the parent sink. Within 24 hours, ground‐water discharge into the parent sink from the shallow, unconfined and unconsolidated aquifer had filled the sink to an elevation of 8 feet above mean sea level. The total esti‐ mated replacement cost of the equipment lost in the sinkhole is

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY