ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHydrochemical facies interpretations are useful tools for determining the flow patterns, origins, and chemical histories of ground‐water masses. Factor analysis is advantageous for hydrochemical interpretations because it is independent of the number or type of variables used. Factor analysis also allows avoidance of problems of closed‐number systems inherent in more traditional techniques, such as trilinear diagrams. This paper applies factor analysis to the interpretation of mixing between sulfate and bicarbonate ground‐water masses. Whereas trilinear diagrams show one mixing trend (bicarbonate with sulfate waters), factor analysis allows interpretation of multiple mixing trends. These trends include the bicarbonate‐sulfate trend; a sodium‐, silica‐, fluoride‐, and temperature‐mixing system that is interpreted as resulting from recharge; and a chloride‐sodium system that appears to represent mixing with residual, connate water. The latter trends are identified as small‐scale, chemical variations that result in dispersion of the data points about the dominant mixing trend on the trilinear diagram. Thus, factor analysis provides greater precision in identifying hydrochemical facies and interpr

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTElectrical power plant and solar heating systems have been proposed wherein confined ground‐water aquifers are used as temporary storage reservoirs for thermal energy in the form of moderate to high temperature water (140°F‐400°F; 60°C‐204°C). The Water Resources Research Institute of Auburn University has performed an aquifer storage experiment involving warm water (97°F; 36°C). The objectives of the experimental program were to begin actual testing of the concept of heat storage in aquifers and to provide data for calibration of mathematical models describing the simultaneous transport of water and heat. Phase I consisted of drilling an exploratory well at the selected field site near Mobile, Alabama. Phase II involved construction of the central injection well, three observation wells, and performance of preliminary pumping tests. Phase III was devoted to construction of the remainder of the observation well field, performance of final pumping tests, and measurement of aquifer thermal properties; while Phase IV was devoted to a cycle of warm‐water injection, storage, and recovery. It was concluded that heat storage aquifers must have low natural pore velocities, and care must be taken not to clog the injection well with solids or precipitated chemicals. Swelling of clays in the storage formation must be minimized, and hydraulic pressures capable of breaching the confining layers must be avoided. Mechanical and chemical clogging problems may be minimized by using formation water as influent to the heating system. For a 36‐day storage of 2 million gallons, the calculated energy recovery factor of 0.69 was considered promising. Future research should be directed toward experimental studies involving larger volumes of water and high‐injection temperatures. Study should be directed also to the geochemistry problem and the effect of high temperatures on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of clay

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNumerical simulation models of the simultaneous transport of water and heat in porous media offer a useful technical tool for the evaluation of aquifers for the storage of heat energy. During the past several years, such models have been developed in the U.S. Geological Survey and in other institutions and have been tested by comparing computed results with analytical solutions. To more completely assess the performance of these simulation models, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Energy Research and Development Agency co‐funded Auburn University to conduct a field experiment of heat storage in an aquifer near Mobile, Alabama. The data collected during the experiment were analyzed, and a simulation model of the aquifer system was constructed. Simulation of the experiment history indicates that the model can satisfactorily reproduce the observed behavior of the system. Heat capacity of the aquifer matrix and anisotropy of the aquifer permeability were found to be significant system parameters. An extensive evaluation of parameter sensitivity was not possible because experimental problems resulted in some unreliable data, but the utility of numerical models for simulating thermal energy storage in aquifers was clearly demonstrate

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe simulation of water table responses is discussed and the use of multiple linear regression as a modelling technique is considered. It is calibrated and validated against actual field data from the Vryburg aquifer in South Africa. The model permits the consideration of changes in properties of recharge, discharge and aquifer parameters simultaneously. By use of such a model, water table responses in the Vryburg area can be simulated six years ahead of time, using rainfall and discharge through pumping as the only input parameters. This technique can be regarded as a rapid, first approximation and low‐cost procedure which is unsurpassed as far as time and costs are concerne

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03232.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDuring a seven‐month sampling period surface‐water, ground‐water, and shallow subsurface temperatures were measured at a well field in the Coastal Plain province in southeastern Pennsylvania in an attempt to delineate zones of relatively greater permeability in the underlying glacial outwash materials. Temperature measurements were made at monthly intervals using a tele‐thermometer equipped with a thermistor. Subsurface temperatures were taken at a depth of six feet (183 cm) in a network of 66 access holes.In order to recognize perturbations in the subsurface thermal regime, theoretical conductive heat flow calculation: of the temperature variation expected to occur at a depth of six feet (183 cm) were compared to the observed temperature variation measured in the network of access holes. Isothermal maps, contouring equal temperatures at a specific time, and isallothermal maps, contouring equal temperature changes in a specific time interval, were constructed from the access hole data. These maps facilitated the identification of areas not conforming to the predicted value of annual subsurface temperature variation.Anomalous areas were found to represent regions where differing land‐use practices or ground‐water movement perturbed the normal thermal regime. Access hole temperatures measured in areas not covered by a dense vegetative cover or a tree canopy were found to have greater temperature variation than predicted. Areas where the temperature variation in the access holes was less than predicted were found to overlie known zones of relatively greater permeability in the underlyin

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03233.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe concepts of target size and the effective size of the detection device are basic to any search problem. The type of target in hydrogeologic studies may either be a distinct or discontinuous one or may be the optimum value in a continuum. Search patterns can be one‐dimensional along a line or two‐dimensional. For discontinuous targets, such as an abandoned well, some kind of grid pattern is necessary, although more effective search patterns exist if some property of the target, such as the geoelectric field, can be detected over a larger area. Search for an optimum value of a continuum, i.e. a bedrock surface, a water‐table surface, etc., can be economically shortened by using adaptive search techniques. Examples of adaptive search techniques along a line are the Golden Section, Fibonacci Search, Dichotomous Search and Interval Bisection methods. The first three are based on values (depth, etc.) and the last on direction of gradient. Two‐dimensional adaptive search methods include repeating lines or search using the line search methods. A completely different approach is the Sequential Simplex Search, a heuristic method which seems to be the most efficient av

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03234.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNepco Lake is a 494‐acre impoundment in the sand plain province of central Wisconsin, an area characterized by a close relationship between ground water and surface water. A study of the ground‐water flow pattern and ground‐water quality in the vicinity of Nepco Lake was conducted for an 11‐month period from June 1976 to April 1977.The ground‐water flow system around Nepco Lake is different from systems for natural lakes previously reported in the literature, in that there are no strong vertical head gradients in the nearshore areas. This phenomenon may be typical for impounded lakes. Other aspects of the study included a survey of the water quality within the watershed and the calculation of water budgets for the lake. Variations in water quality can be related to changes in the texture of the aquifer or the nature of the flow system or both. Water budget calculations indicate that direct ground‐water discharge into the lake is relatively small compared to surface‐water contributions. Nevertheless, ground water in the Nepco Lake Watershed should be carefully managed because of the close relationship between ground water and surface water

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03235.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03236.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1978.tb03237.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY