ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThree key hydrogeochemical environments based on the oxidation‐reduction state of ground water are defined by the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide. The mobility of arsenic is greatly influenced by these dissolved gases and the behavior of iron in these same environments.The main forms of arsenic in aqueous environments are arsenate and arsenite. Arsenate occurs in oxygenated waters but if colloidal ferric hydroxide is also present, the arsenate may be adsorbed and removed from solution. In strongly reducing waters containing hydrogen sulfide arsenic is removed from solution and precipitated either as arsenic sulfide, heavy‐metal sulfarsenite compounds, or coprecipitated with iron sulfides. In mildly reducing waters lacking both dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide arsenic occurs as the arsenite ion. In waters of this type the mobility of both arsenic (as arsenite) and iron (as ferrous iron) are at a maximum. It must also be stressed that arsenite is 60 times more toxic to humans than arsen

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn investigation into the cause of high lake levels during the early 1970's in a ground‐water dominant lake in northwestern Wisconsin was conducted from December 1976 to July 1978, in part to address allegations by shoreline property owners that regulation of water levels in a reservoir 2.4 km south of the lake had caused the high lake levels. High lake levels also coincided with above average precipitation. Data collected during the study allowed the definition of the ground‐water flow system around the lake and the calculation of the water budget for the lake. Field data indicated that there is no ground‐water flow between the reservoir and the lake and that ground water flowing out of the reservoir is intercepted by a trough in the potentiometric surface. The trough is probably oriented along a permeable fault zone or a buried river valley. A ground‐water flow model was used to determine whether increased recharge rates of the magnitude that probably occurred as a result of above average precipitation in the early 1970's would be sufficient to account for the observed rise in lake level or whether regulation of the water level in the reservoir could be expected to affect lak

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03406.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDue to the growing demand for bottled mineral waters, a study was undertaken to determine the quality of fourteen different brands of still and sparkling bottled waters. Objective testing showed a wide variance in taste as waters have different tastes and individual preferences are the rule. By analytical means, the mineral content of most of the tested waters met U.S.E.P.A. standards; however, some samples had unacceptable levels of sulfate, hardness, and other constituents. Cost comparisons show a wide variation in price, with all the tested waters many times more than normally available tap waters.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA major potential failure mode of thermoplastic well casing is collapse. The casing may be subjected to a collapsing pressure during grouting operations, backfilling, well development or simply from lateral soil pressure. Since the strength of thermoplastic materials significantly decreases at elevated temperatures, it is important to know how casing collapse resistance varies with temperature.A series of experiments have been performed to determine the collapse resistance of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and acrilonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) well casing over a wide range of temperature. Results indicate that collapse resistance is inversely proportional to a function of the outside diameter‐to‐wall thickness ratio as indicated in the ASTM F480 standard and that collapse resistance decreases by approximately ½ psi per degree Fahrenheit increase in temperature above room tem

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTComprehensive, steady‐state investigations were carried out on plots adjoining drained tracts in Byelorussia's southern marshified lowlands, plots encompassing different plant cover, types of soil and ground‐water levels, to ascertain the influence of ground‐water level and its fluctuations on the formulation and productiveness of forest, field and meadow verdure.It was established that when the ground‐water level diverged—higher or lower—from optimum (i.e., depth approximately equal to the height of the capillary lift), productiveness of plants fell; that intensive utilization and drying of peat bog soils led, as a rule, to mineralization of the peat and air and water erosion (the lower the level falls the more intensively mineralization proceeds). It is calculated that with cultivated crops the loss of peat is some 10 tons per hectare per year, 5‐6 with cereals and 2‐3 with grasses.Lowering the ground‐water level on any area leads to changed levels on adjacent areas, the ground waters being elements of a unified system. In the sandy soils most widespread in the Byelorussian lowlands, lowering of ground‐water level perceptible in the vital activities of plants occurs up to 2 kilometers from the drained tract. In all cases reductions in ground‐water level and in the duration and height of flooding led to degradation of the meadows.It is concluded that comprehensive calculations on the possible harmful effects of drainage reclamation‐caused changes in a large territory's hydrological regime are a prerequisite for rational utilization of the land and maximum productiveness and preservation o

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGround‐water discharge was found to be the primary cause of flood peaks generated at two small wetland controlled basins in eastern Massachusetts. Within the wetlands, ground water rose rapidly following precipitation and in near synchronization with stream levels indicating a close coupling between ground water and the stream. Stream hydrographs were separated into baseflow and surface runoff by a dynamic technique which matches the hydrograph of an index well with the stream hydrograph to determine the moment of maximum ground‐water discharge. Hydrograph analysis showed that for both wetlands ground water was the major component of all flood peaks and accounted for approximately 93% of the total annual discha

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDue to chemical reactions between steel casing and stored water in capped artesian wells, the pH, Eh, TDS, major and trace ion concentrations and saturation indices can be significantly, but relatedly altered from their aquifer values. To obtain true aquifer water samples, either all the stored water must be flushed from the well or a sampling tube must be used to ensure that the water is taken from within the aquifer. Flushing time can be calculated from well dimensions and best be monitored in the field by measuring temperature and electrical conductivity.This study has been made of confined wells in a fissured limestone, but the reactions which occur are likely to be common to aquifers of different hydrogeology.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA numerical model is presented that solves the partial differential equations describing the motion of salt water and fresh water separated by a sharp interface. The areal equations are based on the Dupuit approximation and are obtained from partial integration over the vertical dimension. Finite‐difference techniques are applied and the utility of several solution schemes is tested. The most efficient and accurate solution scheme uses block line‐successive over‐relaxation. Examples are given to: (1) test the model, (2) evaluate the Dupuit approximation, and (3) demonstrate the application to a field situation. The results show that the model is in good agreement with an analytical solution, but under severe conditions the Dupuit approximation may be inappropriate. The model is applied to a field area near Kahului, Maui, Hawaii and results extend the analysis of the problem beyond previous ef

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThere are many geological situations where moving ground water transfers a significant amount of heat. Yet, while convective heat transfer is a common phenomenon, it is very difficult to treat analytically. In this paper we present a simple model of convective heat transfer in porous materials and a numerical method of solving the model. The model is then applied to three diverse field situations: (1) a thermal anomaly on the Hartville uplift in eastern Wyoming; (2) a fault‐controlled hydrothermal system near Monroe, Utah; and (3) the Luanshya copper mine in the Republic of Zambia. In each case heat transfer by moving ground water is shown to explain the observed thermal anomalies satisfactorily. Our results indicate that in certain situations the effect of ground‐water flow needs to be considered in making local and regional assessments of heat‐flow data. Furthermore, temperature measurements can be very useful in estimating aquifer recharge, particularly when thermal conductivity and structural information are avai

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1980.tb03413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY