摘要:

ABSTRACTThe most commonly practiced method of artificial recharge at present is through basins. This spreading method may not be physically feasible or practicable if land values are high or a shallow, densely compacted layer forms a barrier impeding the direct downward percolation of the ponded surface water.For the case of the latter condition, alternative methods of wells or trenches dug down to the pervious aquifer and backfilled with gravel have been investigated. These were explored from the standpoint of construction and operating cost and hydraulic efficiency as influenced by such factors as the depth to the aquifer, the thickness, depth of saturation, permeability and specific yield of the aquifer, interference of closely spaced wells and duration of continuous operation of the wells or trenches. Furthermore, effects of bacterial growth and chemical composition of the recharge water on the hydraulic performance of wells or trenches are discussed.An economic comparison based on field conditions in a prospective recharge site at Stockton, California, is used to illustrate the developed criteria for relative effectiveness of the two methods.As a general conclusion, it was found that while recharge through trenches would be more efficient hydraulically and economically for the case of very shallow subsurface barriers, wells would become more competitive as the thickness of an impervious top layer increases.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03661.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWatercourse aquifer systems in many areas are adversely affected by wastes disposed into surface‐water sources, resulting in either reduced streambed permeability, infiltration of wastes into the aquifer, or both. These conditions are illustrated at Lancaster, Ohio, where low streambed permeability in the vicinity of the municipal well field, resulting from the discharge of wastes to the Hocking River, seriously retards the infiltration of surface water and lessens the available yield of the wells. The wastes consist of brine and iron‐laden effluent from the municipal treatment plant, discharged within the area of influence of the pumped wells to a stream already carrying much organic waste and other debris. Upstream from the discharge sewer, muck and organic debris have accumulated thickly on the streambed, while downstream from the sewer the streambed sediments have become tightly cemented by iron and other constituents in the waste water. There is evidence that, despite reduced streambed permeability, wastes have entered the aquifer and have materially contributed to declines in well efficiency and to recurring problems of well maintenance.Conditions such as those illustrated at Lancaster occur also at Dayton and are not uncommon elsewhere in Ohio. Indirect contamination of aquifers and adverse physical and chemical alteration of streambed sediments, resulting from surface‐water waste disposal, may in many places pose a threat to the ground‐water supply. This fact should not be overlooked in determining water‐quality standards to be established under the Water Quality Ac

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03662.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWater as a natural resource has little value until somebody wants to use it and the dollars and cents value has normally been established by the costs of moving water from its source to the point of beneficial use. The value of water ranges within wide limits from perhaps $2 per million gallons to $70 to $100 per million gallons and an average value might be $20 to $30 per million gallons. Water is no longer free and the costs of providing water in adequate quantity and of suitable quality will increase in the future as the sources of water are more fully utilized and the needs for more extensive treatment increase. The decision to use surface water or ground water is usually based on availability and the costs of providing the water at the point of use for the lowest possible cost. In estimating such costs, however, all costs of development, construction, treatment, operation and maintenance must be included. The principal advantages of ground water include availability close to the point of use, usually lower treatment costs, lower capital outlay, ability to increase the supply by small increments and smaller property requirements for storage. Ground water is often preferred because of its constant chemical quality and temperature. It is the opinion of the author that the effects of the impending water shortage can be minimized by elimination of pollution of our available water supplies and greater use and better management of our ground‐water supplies including natural and induced recharg

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03663.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ground‐water aquifer underlying the northeastern corner of Colorado presently is estimated at 80,000,000 acre feet — enough to last several decades at present rates of use. The rate of use has, however, been increasing substantially in recent years and the possibility of depleting this resource is very real. While depletion of stock resources is a common theme in conservation and natural resources literature, only a few empirical studies are available to show the economic consequences of alternative rates of use. As a result, ground‐water policy has often lagged behind the needs of developing areas.The Economics Department at Colorado State University, under the auspices of the Office of Water Resources Research is currently engaged in an empirical study of ground‐water development problems in Colorado's High Plains area. Research is just beginning, but the following themes will be examined:1The economics of common property resources and the different management problems associated with them.2Problems faced by individual farm operators as they make the switch from dry‐land to irrigated farming. Problems of externalities among farm firms will be approached.3Problems likely to be faced by inhabitants of communities in the developing area. The integration of the agricultural with the non‐agricultural sectors will be stressed.4Policy recommendations appropriate to areas of rapid ground‐water development.While the activities at Colorado State University are confined to a relatively small geographic area, it is assumed that applications will be made broader in scope and will prove useful in other parts

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03664.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03665.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe need for investigating the economics of groundwater pumpage was developed to aid in the interpretation and administration of the Kansas Water Appropriation Act. The Act requires that in determining impairment from the lowering of static water level, the economics of pumping water shall be considered. No comprehensive treatment of the subject matter has been found.The investigative work is presented in three parts consisting of ground‐water interference, the definition of general cost functions, and the effect of interference on costs. The physical process of ground‐water pumpage for a single well in both steady‐state and nonsteady systems is used as a beginning basis for both interference and associated costs. Interference between multiple wells is then developed for both idealized states of condition. In the second part, economic parameters with associated costs, primarily for irrigation use of water, are developed and generalized cost functions given in terms of discharge, total head, and operating time. In the third part, an analytic model is developed to define the costs associated with mutual interference. The procedure has been tested on a limited number of examples to find the relative sensitivity of different parameters on

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03666.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractComparison of the analysis of 3 and 4 day pumping tests with the analysis of water‐level changes due to 18 years of pumping suggests that experience in an area can be a critical factor in determining the transmissivity and storativity of an aquife

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03667.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe horizontal viscous flow model with “infinite” areal extent can be used for almost any well flow problem whether two‐dimensional or three‐dimensional, steady or nonsteady, single aquifer or multiaquifer. This model can also be used in the field of soil mechanics for subsurface drainage problems. The design includes scale model analysis and the application of conformal mapping techniques in order to simulate an ideal aquifer. Construction, calibration, and test procedures for the model are described. The apparatus has proved to be both a valuable research tool and an excellent teach

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03668.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03669.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Sokoto basin in semiarid northwestern Nigeria contains Cretaceous and Tertiary semiconsolidated deposits that dip gently northwest off an oldland of pre‐Cretaceous crystalline rocks. Until recent years the dug well has been the chief source of ground water for the Hausa cultivators and the pastoral Fulani inhabitants of the region. Borehole exploration sponsored by US AID and the Geological Survey of Nigeria with technical guidance from the writers of the U. S. Geological Survey has revealed that the basal section of the Gwandu Formation contains a productive artesian sand aquifer throughout a 5,700 square mile area. Transmissibilities of the aquifer proved to be as high as 180,000 Imperial gallons a day per foot but generally decrease towards the west. The free flow areas total about 1,000 square miles with pressure heads in boreholes up to + 83 feet above land surface and individual flows as great as 12,000 gallons per hour. Beneath the Gwandu, pressure aquifers in the Rima Group and the Gundumi Formation also produce flowing water in the lowland (fadama) of the Sokoto River. In the southern part of the basin, however, only one aquifer is present in the Cretaceous sequence, because the Gundumi aquifer is absent and the Rima aquifer apparently grades into the upper permeable section of the Illo Group. The quality of the water from all the pressure aquifers is generally quite good, although the iron content is high in places and salinity increases in the very deep aquifers.In Sokoto Province more than 2 million people and their livestock use less than 5 mgd of water drawn from dug wells and about 1 mgd from boreholes. The newly discovered flowing artesian water can do much to improve the water supplies of remote villages in the province and even supplement river irrigation during the dry season in the fertile fadam

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1967.tb03670.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY