ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02980.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn Czechoslovakia special methods of mathematical statistics are being used for the treatment of results of long‐term observations of spring discharges. This paper describes these methods using examples of the statistical treatment of weekly discharges of important springs issuing in the eastern marginal part of the Bohemian Cretaceous Plateau in Czechoslovakia for the years 1901 to 1970. Besides the usual average and extreme discharges of springs, the so‐called characteristic discharge, i.e. the discharge exceeded for the period of “n” days or “n” percent per year, is determined by this method. On the basis of these characteristic values it is then possible to rate the individual discharges even for a longer time, especially with an extraordinarily high or low discharge of springs, from the aspect of exceptionality of their

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02981.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFederal legislative enactments for water quality control have traditionally emphasized surface‐water quality because of the more intense demands placed on such water and the earlier occurrence of acute quality problems. However, ground‐water quality problems are becoming serious, and the value of this resource requires that adequate protective measures be adopted.The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 provide a substantial basis for federal involvement in ground‐water quality control. Although the federal permit program established by the Amendments is not explicitly made applicable to waste discharges to ground water, EPA interpretation of the law extends the federal permit requirement to the disposal of wastes into wells where this technique is used in combination with or as a replacement for facilities for discharge into navigable waters. Federal influence is also extended to state control over disposal well operations by provisions specifying conditions under which state level programs can be approved to replace the federal program. Another provision extending federal influence into the area of ground‐water quality control concerns preparation of areawide waste treatment management plans for areas designated as having substantial water quality control problems. The required plan for such areas must encompass both surface and ground‐water quality problems and are subject to the approval of the Administrator of EPA. Thus, the 1972 law provides a basis for considerable federal involvement in ground‐water quality control in spite of the fact that its primary applicability is in the area of su

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02982.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn humid regions, chemical pollutants such as nitrate readily enter surficial aquifers as slugs during nongrowing season precipitation recharge periods and move slowly through the aquifer to nearby drainage tiles, streams, or pumping wells. Little mixing, with native ground water seems to occur, and for this reason, fairly small quantities of pollution in bulb form may enter a well as a high‐concentration slug long after its initial entry into the aquifer. Nitrate slug concentrations in excess of 6000 ppm have been delineated in one surficial aquifer in Illinois.Recent ground‐water pollution studies indicate that trees and plants may temporarily store large quantities of nutrients during the growing season for release to aquifers during subsequent nongrowing seasons. Considering this, it appears imperative that farm fertilizer application and human or animal waste disposal on farmlands be limited only to the growing season of each year and only in quantities that will not ultimately cause ground‐water nitrate concentrations to rise above toxic l

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02983.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the Middle East ground water has been used by man for at least 10,000 years, so that cultivation could be practised in arid regions. One of the most unusual ways of obtaining ground water is by means of qanats, which are small man‐made tunnels carrying water by gravity flow from beneath the water table to the ground surface. In Iran and Afghanistan in particular, many complex qanat systems are found supplying water to regions with very low precipitation totals, which are thus able to support locally intensive human settlement. At the present time in those areas close to the larger urban centres qanats are being replaced by pumped wells as the major suppliers of ground wate

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02984.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe “kaolinic porridge” is described as one of the saturated zones within the weathering profile of most igneous and metamorphic rocks in Ghana. The zone is comprised of clay and fine‐grained micaceous materials and is regarded as an important ground‐water reservoir. Due to its fluid nature and the fact that its depth and thickness cannot be predicted, precautionary measures are taken when drilling. Special well design, construction and completion techniques have been adopted to exploit this aquifer successfully. Yields averaging 220 gallons (about 1 cubic meter) per hour can be produced from such a

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02985.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1973.tb02986.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY