ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies of the hydrogeologic environments and the dynamic and equilibrium relations of fresh and salt water in aquifers have been intensified at several places along the southeastern Atlantic Coast. Some salt‐water problems involve the coastal water‐table aquifer, and others involve parts of the artesian system.On the sandy coastal islands of North Carolina, freshwater lenses under water‐table conditions float on salt water. Salt‐water contamination may take place by (1) lateral encroachment from the ocean and bay; (2) vertical encroachment from below; (3) overland inundation by ocean water during storms; and (4) downward percolation of salt spray and salt‐bearing precipitation.In the Savannah, Georgia, and South Carolina area, salt‐water encroachment along two of five water‐bearing zones in the principal artesian (limestone) aquifer has been caused by the decline of artesian pressure due to pumping. Some wells in the limestone at nearby Parris Island, South Carolina, yield salty water when overpumped. From Savannah southward at least to Fernandina, Florida, connate salty water occurs in the artesian aquifer below the fresh water. At Brunswick, Georgia, connate salty water is stratified between fresh‐water bodies in the limestone aquifer above depths of 2,000 feet. Connate salty water has contaminated the aquifer between depths of 500 and 800 feet in a small area in the city.Along the southeast Florida coast drainage canals have been the primary cause of salt‐water contamination of the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer. Criteria have been established for the operation of salinity‐control dams to prevent encroachment. The salt‐water front in the aquifer along the coast is dynamically stable und

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are numerous ramifications to consider in discussing water rights and laws. In this discussion meaningful impressions concerning water rights and related laws in the 31 States lying east of Texas and the Dakotas are presented. Research is still in progress and a number of the statements are necessarily tentative.cAlthough legislation of various types has been enacted, court‐made rules still provide the primary basis for the water rights laws of most eastern States. This means rules developed by the reported decisions of the State appellate courts. In Louisiana, however, unlike the common‐law States, the Civil Code provides the primary basis for its laws (see Borton, Mark E. and Ellis, Harold H., “Some Legal Aspects of Water Use in Louisiana,” La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 537, June, 1960). Bear in mind that these general rules often vary from State to State and that they may be modified by voluntary contractual arrangements, the exercise of eminent domain, prescriptive rights, legislation, and various other complicating factors. Furthermore, the laws of most States are unsettled regarding a number of questions, and several court decisions are of elderly vintage and hence might be modified under current conditions.Water supplies, natural or developed, all may be more or less interrelated. But rights to use them may vary according to their particular designation as classified by the courts for various purposes. Some common classifications of natural water supplies include natural watercourses, diffused surface water, percolating ground water, and underground

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01225.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ideal hydrologic system in arid lands includes a recharge area in mountains and a discharge area in lowlands, a system modified in nature by geologic and physiographic factors. Population and agricultural activity concentrates in valleys, usually in zones of ground‐water discharge. Most water‐supply, contamination and disposal problems arise from this combination of features.The suitability of hydrogeologic units for any function of operations involving water supply or waste disposal depends primarily on their position within the hydrologic system and secondarily on physical properties. For example, at the Nevada Test Site the ground‐water flow system is used to good advantage, whereas at Las Vegas, 70 miles away, the methods of disposal practiced are in direct conflict with the s

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01226.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeismic refraction measurements were used to draw a new bedrock contour map in Morris County, New Jersey, where the major ground‐water supplies are found in Quaternary sand and gravel deposits filling pre‐Pleistocene channels. Aquifer performance tests aided in tracing the continuity of the Quaternary aquifers in these channels. In one case, the lack of continuity between two wells substantiated the seismic prediction that two separate channels were involved.The success of the seismic exploration emphasizes the value of using such methods, so that test drilling can be devoted to exploring the more favorable areas for production we

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01227.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLack of effective control of brine pollution at the State level in Texas has hindered development of an inventory of the effects of oil‐field brine disposal on the diverse geologic and hydrologic environments in which ground water occurs. In Texas, where 35 per cent of the nation's crude oil is produced, the volume of brine production and the widespread distribution of its points of origin complicate the initiation of unified control programs. Brine production and disposal figures for calendar year 1961 showed that a total of 2,236,599,746 barrels of salt water were produced from approximately 67,000 oil and gas leases throughout the State. In that year 460,892,427 barrels of salt water were reportedly disposed of into unlined earthen pits, which contribute directly to pollution of fresh water either by seepage or overflow; and 1,536,543,715 barrels were injected into the subsurface where inadequate well‐completion methods may constitute a longer‐range problem than surface disposal.Brine‐pollution control programs must regulate standards for the whole range of oil‐field operation including exploration, well completion, brine disposal during the productive phase, and well plugging and abandonment. To be effective, these programs must equate the objective of maximum oil and gas conservation and development with acceptable standards of oil‐field operation to provide safeguards for usable wat

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an investigation of a high water‐table problem in the west part of Coleman, Alberta, ground‐water temperatures were found to vary by as much as 12 degrees F at different points within a one‐quarter square mile area. Analysis of their distribution, together with ground‐water chemistry, and configuration of the water table itself led to discovery of three distinct sources contributing ground water to the townsite. They are: Cordilleran glacial deposits north of the town, an abandoned coal mine underlying the town, and the Crowsnest River. The permeability distribution showed that a major direction of ground‐water movement is along a former course of the Crowsnest River, although the river was channelled to a different location more than fifty

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1965.tb01229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1965

数据来源: WILEY