ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAquifers may serve as storage reservoirs, as treatment mediums, as discharge conduits, or in some combination of the various uses. If an aquifer serves as a conduit, the Darcy equation gives an accurate and simple solution for discharge provided the conduit is uniform; if nonuniform, the accuracy may be very poor unless special care is taken.Differential equations based on Darcy's equation and the equation of continuity give the steady‐flow discharge rate for confined aquifers in which the cross‐sectional area and permeability vary from point to point. For the general case the derived discharge expression is theoretically exact, whereas, for specific cases an approximate form can be used depending on the boundary conditions. Integration of the approximate form for a given aquifer length yields simplified solutions for discharge where the variation in cross‐sectional area and/or permeability with distance in the direction of flow can be described by some mathematical expre

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLow‐rate or irrigation‐type systems for land application of sewage effluent or similar wastewater are often used in humid areas because they have a small impact on the underlying ground water. In arid areas, low‐rate systems cannot be used to produce renovated water for ground‐water recharge, because the renovated water will have a much higher salt content than the effluent. Renovated water of relatively low salt content can only be produced with high‐rate systems. Such systems, which require permeable soil, can also be used in humid areas to reduce the land requirements. To minimize the impact of high‐rate systems on ground‐water quality, the system should be managed to remove as much of the pollutants (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) as possible from the wastewater as it seeps through the soil, and to restrict the spread of renovated wastewater in the ground‐water basin. Nitrogen removal can be maximized by stimulating denitrification in the soil. Certain soils can store large quantities of phosphate. The spread of renovated water in the ground water can be controlled by intercepting the flow of renovated water with wells or drains for reuse or discharge into surface water. Techniques for predicting the underground flow syste

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTContemporary use patterns of land and water resources create conflicts between natural and human environments. These conflicts are generally not discussed as part of a classical approach to geologic education. This paper addresses the need to increase non‐earth science training simultaneous with traditional training. The benefits to be gained will be welcomed by both students and their potential employers. One approach to suggested interdisciplinary water‐resource education is discus

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe largest potential reservoir for the storage of potable water is in the unsaturated zone. Use of this space for the storage and retrieval of potable water is a multifaceted problem which requires application of the best talent from the scientific community.Artificial recharge has many similarities to liquidwaste disposal through deep wells. In both, the problem is to place liquid in a permeable lithologic unit at an economic rate, to predict movement and the chemical reactions and physical changes that take place while the liquid is in the reservoir. Differences between the two operations are principally in the type of fluid injected and the ultimate objective. In artificial recharge the objective is to store and retrieve water of good quality; in waste disposal the objective is to store permanently water of objectionable quality. In both artificial recharge and liquid‐waste storage, the nature of the storage must be known, particularly that of the unsaturated zone. The techniques of investigation for recharge and waste disposal are generally the same.Water commonly is recharged by surface spreading through basins or by induced recharge from adjacent streams and lakes or through injection wells. Research in recharge through basins has been dominated by mathematical models based on idealized conditions and empirical relations, derived by experimental sequencing of recharge operations, and operational controls in the pretreatment of recharge water. Recharge by injection wells has been undertaken in a variety of hydrologic environments. In Israel efforts have been directed toward the analyses of diffusion and dispersion of the injected water. Much research in the United States has been directed toward the movement of bacteria and organic matter through an aquifer and toward the chemical modeling of changes in recharged water as it moves.Much more research is needed on the basic properties of aquifers, particularly in the unsaturated zone, and on all aspects of recharge‐water quality. Research and the use of data produced are increasingly the responsibility of interdisciplinary teams which consider the geologic, hydraulic, and economic aspects of the sys

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWhen the Lake George sewage treatment plant was put into operation in 1939, it was described as a “complete treatment” plant. This was because the treated effluent is discharged onto natural delta sand seepage beds which are “at least 25 feet deep.”Studies were made to determine the removal efficiency in the sand beds of coliforms, BOD, chlorides, and the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.It was found that when beds were dosed, they were no longer saturated with water at 15 feet. Ten feet of sand were found to remove coliforms by 99% and BOD by 96%. However, nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides remained in significant concentrations after filtration through 10 feet of sand. Phosphate removal in an infrequently used sand bed was greater than in a continuously u

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBore hole sampling of loose saturated sands and gravels forms a very important part of water well investigations. The materials are often difficult to sample and the adoption of adequate equipment and techniques can sorely tax the ingenuity of the driller.In some situations, the standard exploration sampling procedures can provide satisfactory information, while in others, it is necessary to resort to more precise techniques.A great variety of samplers have been designed including types such as open drive, piston drive, jet and extension flap samplers. No single sampler can cover the very wide range of material conditions and operational requirements which may be met during the drilling of water wells.In extreme circumstances, particularly for uncemented or poorly cemented gravels, it may be found necessary to stabilize the strata prior to sampling.

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The first three field reports were presented as part of a panel discussion entitled “Impact of Pollution Control Legislation on Ground‐Water Management,” at the Ninth Biennial Conference on Ground Water, Francisco Torres Conference Center, Goleta, California, September 13‐1

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0017-467X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1974.tb03021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY