ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.189

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.191

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe analysis of gene transcription in situ requires the localization of specific mRNA species in cell or tissue preparations. The main technique used to date is in situ hybridization (ISH) employing labeled nucleic acid probes complementary to the specific mRNA of interest. Advances in recombinant DNA technology and probe labeling methods, including the introduction of non-isotopic labels, have made the technique increasingly accessible. Further refinements in the methodology have enabled the detection of mRNA sequences in a variety of fixed cell and tissue preparations, including processed tissues, both at light and electron microscopy levels. When ISH is combined with immunohistochemistry, valuable insights into the molecular basis of disease pathogenesis in vivo can be gained.This review concentrates on the methodological considerations for ISH and its applications in pathology. Probe labeling, sample preparation, hybridization, and detection procedures are discussed. Alternative methods of in situ mRNA detection, such as in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) and primed labeling in situ (PRINS), are also considered. (The J Histotechnol17:203, 1994)

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.203

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractCytogenetics traditionally involves the analysis of metaphase chromosomes derived from limited cell culture of cellular material. Interphase cytogenetics refers to the demonstration of any DNA sequence in interphase nuclei for the purpose of karyotypic analysis and is increasingly applied to the analysis of cells and tissues in biology and pathology. Cell culture is not required, and the technique can therefore be applied to all types of cell and tissue samples, including routinely processed, stored material. Interphase cytogenetics has contributed to the understanding of genetic organization, to the karyotypic analysis of human tumors, and to the field of prenatal diagnosis. This review comprises discussion of the history of cytogenetic analysis of the interphase nucleus, description of the probe systems used, consideration of the techniques involved, and a review of applications in the fields of biology and pathology. (The J Histotechnol17:219, 1994)

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.219

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractBecause standard in situ hybridization protocols cannot routinely detect 1 to a few copies of DNA or RNA molecules, they are unable to detect latent viral infections, especially HIV or HPV viruses. This disadvantage has been the impetus for development of the polymerase chain reaction-in situ hybridization (PCR-ISH) method. The PCR-ISH can demonstrate early infections in tissue sections without the need for intact cells. It combines the sensitivity of the PCR with the cell localization of ISH, it has few false positive results because of sample contamination, and it provides information about the histologic distribution of the virus.This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the technique, its application in viral detection, and the techniques for achieving optimal results, especially with the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. (The J Histotechnol17:235, 1994)

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.235

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThis paper illustrates the utility of the reverse transcriptase (RT) in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in determining the specific virus present in paraffin embedded, formalin fixed tissue sections. Four autopsy cases were chosen for this purpose. In each case the patient developed a short illness and died before a definitive diagnosis could be made. Multinucleated cells associated with marked inflammation and degeneration of the lung or liver of each patient were evident. By using RT in situ PCR, it was possible to demonstrate that the different cases represented infections by parvovirus, the measles virus, the respiratory syncytial virus, and the hepatitis C virus, respectively. The latter 3 are RNA viruses that can be difficult to detect by standard in situ hybridization because they are usually present within the infected cells in relatively low copy number. The RT in situ PCR technique allows the rapid and specific determination of a viral infection in paraffin embedded, archival material or in cytology preparations. (The J Histotechnol17:247, 1994)

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.247

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is arguably the single most powerful technique of molecular biology that can be used in pathological research and diagnosis. In this article, I discuss some of the technical aspects of performing and evaluating the results of the PCR. Various modifications of the basic technique are also included. Attention is drawn to the possibilities of obtaining false positive or false negative results, and precautions for avoiding these are discussed. Finally, applications for the PCR in the diagnosis of a variety of clinical conditions are given. (The J Histotechnol17:253, 1994)

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.253

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThere has been an upsurge in the interest paid to the process of apoptosis in recent years as a consequence of the realization that apoptosis is important in the regulation of cell number in normal tissues and in a wide variety of diseases. However, the methods used to identify apoptosis in tissues have not progressed. In this review, the development of novel methods for the identification of apoptosis in histological material is discussed. These methods rely on the degradation of DNA that is seen in apoptotic cells and that can be labeled by the incorporation of a biotinylated nucleotide, followed by an enzyme histochemical demonstration method. The problems inherent in the use of these techniques are discussed, particularly relating to situations other than apoptosis where degraded DNA will occur. These methods will prove to be a useful adjunct to morphological examination for the identification and quantification of apoptosis. (The J Histotechnol17:261, 1994)

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.261

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.269

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0147-8885    

DOI:10.1179/his.1994.17.3.281

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor