ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Many years of twin and adoption studies have demonstrated that heritability is at least 50% for both smoking initiation and smoking persistence. Furthermore, the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to smoking behavior in men is significantly different from that in women. It has been reported that polymorphisms of candidate genes, such as cytochrome P450, dopamine receptor and transporter, and serotonin transporter genes, are associated with smoking behavior. However, many of these reports have not yet received independent confirmation. Based on the results from genome-wide linkage and association analyses on different subject populations, 15 loci located on 8 chromosomes were reported to harbor susceptibility genes for nicotine and other substances of abuse. It is expected that a newly completed human genome sequence, as well as advances in genomic technologies such as genotyping and array analysis, will greatly enhance progress toward the identification of genes associated with smoking behavior.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Airways exposed to smoke respond with inflammatory processes. The airway inflammation generally present in smokers causes persistent cough and phlegm production, reactive airway disease, and tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells. Although the short-term response may be protective, long-term pathological consequences include swelling of the airway epithelium, mucus hypersecretion, and increased airway reactivity characteristic of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive lung disease and the tissue destruction characteristic of emphysema. The natural history of these diseases is poorly understood, because human airway tissue is available for study only at autopsy, from surgical specimens, or from procedures such as bronchoscopy or thoracotomy. A noninvasive method of monitoring the inflammation is by analyzing expired breath condensate, which contains a diluted sample of airway surface liquid. The study of expired breath condensate may offer a more practical approach to sampling airway chemistry and make it possible to study the detailed inflammatory response to airborne particulates.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Tobacco is a delivery system for the addictive agent nicotine. The dental profession is encouraged to perform oral examinations that focus on oral cancer detection, but other oral changes occur with tobacco use. The oral mucosa is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and masticatory/keratinized (hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and keratinized gingival) and lining mucosa (floor of the mouth, ventrolateral surface of the tongue, soft palate complex, labial vestibule, and buccal mucosa). Tobacco use affects the surface epithelium, resulting in changes in the appearance of the tissues. The changes may range from an increase in pigmentation to thickening of the epithelium (white lesion). Tobacco use can also irritate the minor salivary glands on the hard palate and directly increase a person’s risk for periodontal disease and oral cancer. This article will review some of the more common oral lesions that are associated with tobacco use—smoker’s melanosis, nicotinic stomatitis, periodontal disease, smokeless tobacco keratosis, gingival recession/tooth abrasion, black hairy tongue, and oral cancer.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article reviews the biology of nicotine addiction and the most effective treatments for nicotine dependence. Nicotine elevates dopamine levels in the brain, which is associated with drug reinforcement and dependence. Nicotine abuse leads to nicotine dependence. The most effective pharmacological adjuncts for treating nicotine dependence are nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion SR. When these are combined with behavioral counseling, the best treatment outcomes are observed.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

BackgroundA close link between smoking and depression has been documented by research primarily based on U.S. white populations. This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and smoking behaviors in Chinese American smokers.MethodsAnalyses were based on baseline data collected from a convenience sample of 199 Chinese smokers who resided in northern California. The sample included 20.6% women, 97% immigrants, with mean age of 40.8 years and mean cigarettes/day of 8.9.ResultsCompared with population-based studies of Chinese Americans, the Chinese smokers in the current study reported higher depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale [M, 20.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 18.8–22.2], higher lifetime prevalence rates of major depressive disorders (30.3%; 95% CI, 24.0–37.2%) and dysthymia (11.6%; 95% CI, 7.5–16.9%). Multiple regression analysis suggested female gender, unemployment, major depression or dysthymia within the past year, previous experience with nicotine withdrawal syndrome, and high temptation to smoke under negative affect situations are associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe level of depressive symptoms among Chinese American smokers is comparable with that observed in other US populations reported. In the current sample, elevated depressive symptoms were more prominent among women or those who were unemployed, smokers who reported significant nicotine withdrawal at previous quit attempts, and high temptation to smoke when experiencing negative emotions. Findings support further examination of the role of depression in smoking among Chinese Americans and underscore the importance of addressing depressive symptoms when treating tobacco use in Chinese smokers.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article summarizes what is known about smoking among women, in particular the consequences of smoking on women’s cardiac health. Smoking is recognized as a major independent cause of coronary heart disease, a condition that ranks first among the causes of death for middle-aged and older women. Women who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk of heart disease and other smoking-related illnesses. Research since the 1980 report of the US Surgeon General has been inconsistent in finding differences by gender in smoking cessation, and few approaches have been devised specifically for women. Several factors are of unique concern among women and potential barriers to smoking cessation, including weight concerns, negative affect regulation, and hormonal influences. More research is needed to determine whether these factors, when targeted specifically, improve cessation success rates among women.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Most people who attempt to quit tobacco smoking eventually relapse. Although treatment strategies have been developed to prevent smoking relapse, they tend to be available only to the small proportion of smokers who enroll in intensive smoking cessation treatments. It is argued that freestanding relapse-prevention interventions could be offered to persons who recently ceased smoking, whether they used a formal treatment program or quit on their own. A line of research is described demonstrating that a series of relapse-prevention booklets mailed to recent quitters significantly reduces smoking relapse. Moreover, the intervention seems to be highly cost-effective. If disseminated widely, such an approach has the potential to make a significant public health impact.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Quitlines provide a model for the translation of research findings to public health application. Quitlines are currently in operation in more than half of US states, in Canada, and in multiple countries globally. Overall, when implemented correctly, quitlines have been shown to be efficacious and effective. Multiple quitline models are in use, but there is no evidence on the relative effectiveness of one over the other. Differences have been demonstrated for the efficacy of quitlines for specific applications, with the strongest evidence base for application as a primary intervention or as follow-up for hospitalized patients and particularly for cardiac patients. The evidence base for both reactive and proactive services is reviewed, and future directions to continue to advance the field are discussed.

ISSN:0002-9629    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID