ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.01-53.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe market for water‐based paints (WBP) is growing, and these paints are favoured due to their low emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Because of the risk for microbial growth, biocides are usually added to WBP. Our study aimed to measure exposure to VOCs potentially of microbial origin (MVOC), during indoor application of typical Scandinavian WBP. Low concentrations of three MVOCs, 3‐methyl‐furan, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, and 2‐octen‐1‐ol, were detected during 5 out of 20 painting operations (25%). Mean exposures to MVOC and TVOC were 0.15 and 5000 μg/m3, respectively. No relation between MVOC and TVOC was observed. The highest exposure to MVOC was measured from an ecological paint, claimed to be low in VOCs and chemical additives. The results suggest that microbial growth in WBP may occur, and that measurements of MVOCs could be used as a means of quality control for WBP. The use of biocides in paint should be guided by the principle of a balance between the risk of contact allergies or other possible health hazards from the biocides, and the risk of microbial growth. If microbial growth occurs in paint, it may cause both unpleasant odor and potential health hazards for house pai

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00002.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe propensity of various types of home humidifiers to support and disseminate microbial contaminants into indoor air was tested. Reservoir water and air discharged from humidifiers seeded in the laboratory or naturally contaminated in the home were analyzed by standard microbiological methods. Clinically insignificant as well as overt or potentially pathogenic microorganisms were found to colonize the reservoirs of all types of humidifiers, but only cool mist and ultrasonic units readily aerosolized bacteria and endotoxin. Only cool mist units emitted hydrophobic fungal spores. Cool mist units discharged the greatest number of water particles in the inhalabk size range (4–16 μm) while ultrasonic units were more likely to emit respirable‐sized water particles (<0.2–4 μm). Overt pathogens isolated from humidifiers in homes included Legionella and a pathogenic Acanthamoeba. Aerosolizing humidifiers should thus be avoided if frequent, thorough cleaning of the units is not pr

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00003.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract100 drivers aged 23‐65, 53 male and 47 female, were recruited to drive an apparently unmodified passenger car for one hour in city traffic. They were randomly assigned either to a control condition, or to ionised air containing 20 000‐30 000 negative ions/ml, but were unaware of the presence of an ioniser in the vehicle. A computer initiated unprepared signals to which drivers should normally be alert. Drivers responded by pressing a foot‐switch and reporting verbally. Signals were selected at random from 21 possible signals, and were presented for up to 3 minutes, with a random delay of 30‐180 seconds after each response or failure to respond. Subjects reported subjective symptom intensity by marking a set of 11 visual‐analogue scales. Eye symptoms were alleviated by ionisation for subjects aged<40 years (P<0.05), but older female subjects experienced more eye discomfort, headache and fatigue in the ionisation condition (P<0.05). Detection of 10 of the 21 signals was better (P<0.05, 2‐tail) in the ionisation condition. The effect was more often significant in the second half‐hour, for subjects<40 years, and for women. A significant negative effect (P<0.05) was observed for the signal indicating speed bel

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00004.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare measured indoor air concentrations of toluene, from an adhesive used in installing floor tiles, with concentrations estimated from a multi‐chamber indoor air quality model. Measurements of toluene emissions from floor adhesive with and without tiles covering the adhesive were made using a small chamber. Emission data from the chamber measurements were used as input to the indoor air quality model. The modeling results were compared with concentrations of toluene measured in a research house when adhesive was applied in a bedroom of the house. Three zones of the house were defined for modeling purposes‐the bedroom in which the adhesive was applied, the remainder of the upstairs area, and the downstairs area. Zone‐specific volumes and infiltration/exfiltration and interzonal airflows measured during and after adhesive application were also used as model inputs. Relatively good correspondence between measured and model concentrations was obtained, particularly in the bedroom where the adhesive was applied. Modeled concentrations were fairly sensitive to the input matrix of airflow

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00005.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) has been tested and evaluated for qualitative and quantitative emission testing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building products. An air supply control unit has been developed and its performance is reported in the range of 100 to 500 mllmin airflows. The recovery in the FLEC has been tested with a new performance test kit with dodecane and 2‐ethylhexanol, respectively. Additionally, five VOCs emitted from a liquid floor wax were measured in the FLEC and in a small climate chamber. The first order rate constants (k1) and the initial emission rates (R0) obtained from the time versus concentration data measured over 24 hours proved to be comparable. The application of FLEC in a complaint case of malodorous linoleum in an office building showed that artificial wetting of the linoleum had a marked influence on the qualitative offgassing of odorous VOCs such as fatty acids, glycol ethers, and 2‐dece

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00006.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mixing rate of pollutants emitted from indoor sources influences the effectiveness of pollutant removal by building ventilation and the potential variability of exposure for a given release scenario. Quantitative information is scant on the mixing rate and the factors that govern it. We present mixing data for an instantaneously released tracer gas, carbon monoxide, in a sealed, unoccupied room under a range of forced airflow conditions, in which the flow is induced by blowers. The resulting mixing times, from 2 to 42 minutes, are related to the mechanical power of the air jets produced by the blowers. Mixing times are found to correlate well with the inverse of the cube root of power, in accordance with theoretical predictions and experimental observations for mixing in chemical reactors. The exposure index, defined as the time‐averaged concentration at a point relative to the time‐averaged concentration for the room as a whole, is presented for three experimental conditions, yielding quantitative information on the appropriateness of the well‐mixed hypothesis under various flow conditions. In general, the exposure period following instantaneous release of a point‐source pollutant must be much greater than the mixing time for the assumption of uniform mixing to hold. The correlation between mixing time and power input is used to predict the mixing time from the mixing action of a supply air jet for a typical ventilation scenario. The predicted mixing time, τmix∼7 min, is substantially lower than the time scale for removal by ventilation, τvent∼48 min. Under these conditions, complete mixing of an instantaneous release, point‐source pollutant would be approximately attained within the interior space well before the pollutant would be thoroughly removed

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00007.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe role of ventilation in the housing stock is to provide fresh air and to dilute internally generated pollutants in order to assure adequate indoor air quality. Blower doors are used to measure the air tightness and air leakage of building envelopes. As existing dwellings in the United States are ventilated primarily through leaks in the building shell (i.e., infiltration) rather than by whole‐house mechanical ventilation systems, accurate understanding of the uses of blower‐door data is critical Blower doors can be used to answer the following questions:•What is the Construction Quality of the Building Envelope?•Where are the Air Leakage Pathways?•How Tight is the Building?•How Much Ventilation Does the Air Leakage Supply?•How Much Energy Does the Air Leakage Lose?•Is this Building Too Tight?•Is this. Building Too Loose?•When Should Mechanical Ventilation be Considered?Various ASHRAE Standards (e.g., 62, 119, and 136) are used to determine acceptable ventilation levels and

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00008.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-2-00009.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00010.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY