ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.01-54.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA registry‐based case‐control study, involving 120 cases (28 males, 92 females) of lung cancer deaths, was conducted in 1985 in the city of Guangzhou to investigate whether lifestyle factors are associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer in never‐smoking individuals. The cases were matched with two control groups which consisted of non‐respiratory‐disease‐related deaths or non‐respiratory‐related cancer deaths. Lifestyle factors assessed in the study include: personal history of nonmalignant respiratory diseases, practice of fresh vegetable consumption, lifetime occupation and occupational exposure histories, exposure to ETS, degree of indoor air pollution, general conditions of home residence, cooking practices and environments, and family history of cancer. Conditional logistic regression analysis demonstrated a negative association between fresh vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk in both sexes, suggesting that vegetables may exert a “protective” effect against lung cancer in humans. In males, elevated risks were found between lung cancer and occupational exposure. In females, indoor air pollution and kitchen environment were associated with risk of lung cancer. No statistically significant association was observed between lung cancer and all other factors examined, including exposure to ETS. A second case‐control study was performed in 1986 to investigate the possible association between spousal smoking and lung cancer deaths. Cases consisted of 75 never‐smoking females and the two control groups consisted of 128 cases of deaths due to non‐tumor diseases, and 126 cases of deaths due to tumors except lung cancer. When cases were matched against “death‐unrelated‐to‐tumor” controls, the odds ratio [OR] for ETS exposure was 1.19, as gauged by whether or not there was ETS exposure; 0.72 and 1.62, when ETS was assessed based on exposure to less than 20 or to 20 or more cigarettes/day. When ETS exposure was measured by “smokingyears”, ORs of 1.39 and 1.17 were obtained based on less than or equal to 30 years of exposure, respectively. Matching cases against “tumor‐other‐than‐lung cancer” controls show the following: OR was 1.00 based or whether or not there was ETS exposure, 0.62 and 1.36, based on exposure to less than 20 or to 20 or more cigarettes/day, and 1.13 and 0.99, based on less than or equal to 30 years of exposure. In all cases, Ors and the calculated 95% confidence interval [CI]indices show that ETS exposure was not significantly associated with female lung cancer deaths, P>0.05.In summary, both case‐control studies suggest no statistically significant association between exposure to ET

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00002.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is a growing concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools. We have studied relations between subjective indoor air quality (SIAQ) and measured IAQ among school personnel (N = 97) in six mid‐Swedish primary schools. Information on SIAQ and the psychosocial work environment was measured by a self‐administered questionnaire, using analogue rating scales. Indoor exposures were quantified by hygienic measurements. Perception of high room temperature was related to a poor climate of cooperation, fleecy wall materials, and the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC), including xylene, limonene, and butanols. Perception of air dry‐ness was related to atopy, work stress, poor climate of cooperation, high room temperature, low air humidity, and high VOC concentration, including, limonene, and n‐alkanes. Perception of dusty air was related to work stress, the role of schoolteacher, and exposure to 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol. No relations were found between SIAQ and CO2, building age, or respirable dust. To achieve a good SIAQ, room temperature should be kept at a maximum of 22°C, and exposure to VOCs and fleecy materials should be minimized. Finally, a sound psychosocial work climate is essential for the perception of a good physical

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00003.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNumerous methods attempt to measure the combined concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air as total VOCs (TVOC). This paper reviews TVOC methods recently presented in the literature and at an international conference on indoor air quality, for the purpose of identifying common practices and of assessing the impacts that choices of sample collection media and analytical methods and instrumentation can have on TVOC results.The paper also presents the results of laboratory and field comparisons of three TVOC methods. These are a flame‐ionization‐detector (FID) method, a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, and a method employing a photoacoustic infrared (IR) gas monitor. The laboratory experiments were conducted with eight different mixtures of VOCs. The FID method demonstrated an average accuracy of 93 ± 18 percent when the measured values were calculated as concentrations of carbon. The FID and GC/MS methods demonstrated average accuracies of 77±37 and 75±22 percent, respectively, when the measured hydrocarbon‐equivalent values were compared to the expected mass concentrations of the mixtures. The higher uncertainty for the FID was largely due to the low mass response of 27 percent for chlorinated compounds. The response of the IR gas monitor varied between 6 and 560 percent for different classes of compounds. Air samples from ten buildings were analyzed by both the FID and GC/MS methods. The results were highly correlated and similar, with the GC/MS values approximately 20 percent higher on

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00004.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndoor air quality (IAQ) was assessed in homes in an experimental community of single‐family dwellings that had been built with materials chosen for low pollutant emission and other modified design features to provide enhanced residential indoor air quality. The IAQ was measured in six of these experimental homes and also in three conventionally built homes of similar size and price range. The IAQ was assessed shortly after construction before the houses were occupied and again after each of the houses had been occupied for five months.Before occupancy, there were higher levels of airborne panicles and of some volatile organic compounds in the conventional homes than in the experimental homes. During occupancy, benzene, ethylbenzene, m‐and p‐xylene, and o‐xylene were all higher in the conventional homes, but dichloromethane, Freon 11, and trichlorethylene were higher in the experimental homes. In the conventional homes, mean levels of benzene and chloroform increased, whereas methylchlomform and toluene levels decreased from preoccupancy to occupancy. In the experimental homes, dichloromethane increased, and m‐and p‐xylene and o‐xylene decreased from preoccupancy to occupancy.The results suggest that attached garages, geographical siting, and occupants' activities substantially influenced the IAQ in these homes. The enhanced indoor air quality homes tested in this study were judged to be at least partially effective, with the most obvious sustained IAQ benefits being related to the lack of an at

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00005.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTracer gas studies were conducted around four model houses in a wind tunnel, and around one house in the field, to quantify re‐entrainment and dispersion of exhaust gases released from residential indoor radon reduction systems. Re‐entrainment tests in the field suggest that active soil depressurization systems exhausting at grade level can contribute indoor radon concentrations 3 to 9 times greater than systems exhausting at the eave. With a high exhaust concentration of 37,000 Bq/m3, the indoor contribution from eave exhaust re‐entrainment may be only 20% to 70% of the national average ambient level in the U.S. (about 14 Bq/m3), while grade‐level exhaust may contribute 1.8 times the ambient average. The grade‐level contribution would drop to only 0.18 times ambient if the exhaust were 3,700 Bq/m3. Wind tunnel tests of exhaust dispersion outdoors suggest that grade‐level exhaust can contribute mean concentrations beside houses averaging 7 times greater than exhaust at the eave, and 25 to 50 times greater than exhaust midway up the roof slope. With 37,000 Bq/m3in the exhaust, the highest mean concentrations beside the house could be less than or equal to the ambient background level with eave and mid‐roof exhausts, and 2 to 7 times greater than ambient with g

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00006.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00007.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00008.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.00009.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY