ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.01-43.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe tested nasal detection thresholds for airborne chemicals in a group of anosmics (i.e., subjects lacking a functional sense of smell) and in a group of age‐, gender‐, and smoking‐status‐matched normosmics (i.e., subjects with normal olfaction). Anosmics provided odor unbiased nasal pungency (irritation) thresholds. Normosmics provided odor thresholds. Homologous series of alcohols, acetates, and ketones served as stimuli. Eye irritation thresholds were also measured for selected acetates. Most substances evoked pungency (i.e., were detected by the anosmics). All sensory thresholds decreased systematically with carbon chain length. The gap between pungency and odor grew larger with increasing carbon chain length. Pungency thresholds‐but not odor thresholds‐showed a uniform linear relationship of slope close to unity with saturated vapor concentration, irrespective of chemical functionality or carbon chain length. This suggests that pungency from nonreactive airborne chemicals rests heavily on a relatively unspecific physical interaction with a susceptible biophase. Of relevance to indoor environments, such an interaction opens the possibility for a high degree of sensory addition of pungency from individual components of complex mixtures resulting in noticeable irritation even when each component is at a level well below thre

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00002.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA procedure is developed for assessing the health effects of the emissions from building products. The procedure is based on:•emission rates measured in environment test chambers•a fixed standard room with fixed standard conditions•a maximum acceptable concentration in the indoor air of each of the chemical compounds emitted, Iva maximum permissible contribution to Ivfrom building products.The procedure has two elements: evaluation of the emitted compound alone and evaluation of the compound together with other compounds and indoor air factors. The evaluation includes odour and health effects of the compounds.The procedure has been applied to the emission test results for two building products: a rubber floor covering, and a water‐borne acrylic watt paint.Maximum acceptable indoor air concentrations are listed fin‐selected chemical compounds emitted by these two

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00003.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHeat, mass and momentum transfer takes place simultaneously in ventilated rooms. For accurate predictions of the indoor environment, all the environmental parameters that influence these transport phenomena should be taken into consideration. This paper introduces a method for a full assessment of indoor thermal comfort using computational fluid dynamics in conjunction with comfort models. A computer program has been developed which can be used for predicting thermal comfort indices such as thermal sensation and draught risk. The sensitivity of predicted comfort indices to environmental parameters is analysed for a mechanically ventilated office. It was found that when the mean radiant temperature was considered uniform in the office, the error in the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) could be as high as 7.5%. The prediction became worse when the mean radiant temperature was taken to be the same as air temperature point by point in the space. Moreover, disregarding the variation of vapour pressure in the space resulted in an error in PPD of abour 4% near the source of moisture generation.The importance of evaluating both thermal sensation and draught risk is also examined. It is concluded that in spaces with little air movement only the thermal sensation is needed for evaluation of indoor thermal comfort whereas in spaces with air movement induced by mechanical vantilation or air‐conditioning systems both thermal sensation and draught risk should be evaluate

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00004.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe filtration efficiency of ventilation air cleaners is highly particle‐size dependent over the 0.01 to 3 μm diameter size range. Current standardized test methods, which determine only overall efficiencies for ambient aerosol or other test aerosols, provide data of limited utility. Because particles in this range are respirable and can remain airborne for prolonged time periods, measurement of air cleaner fractional efficiency is required for application to indoor air quality issues. The objectives of this work have been to 1) develop a test apparatus and procedure to quantify the fractional filtration efficiency of air cleaners over the 0.01 to 3 μm diameter size range and 2) quantify the fractional efficiency of several induct air cleaners typical of those used in residential and office ventilation systems.Results show that efficiency is highly dependent on particle size, flow rate, and dust load present on the air cleaner. A minimum in efficiency was often observed in the 0.1 to 0.5 μm diameter size range. The presence of a dust load frequently increased an air cleaner's efficiency; however, some air cleaners showed little change or a decrease in efficiency with dust loading. The common furnace filter had fractional efficiency values of less than 10% over much of the measurement size r

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00005.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of individual commercially available portable indoor air cleaning units in removing dust particulates, tobacco smoke particulate and vapor phase constituents (nicotine and vinyl pyridine), viable and total fungal spores, pollen, and gaseous contaminants (carbon monoxide[CO], nitrogen dioxide[NO2], and formaldehyde[HCHO]), in a clean air test chamber. The air cleaner chamber results presented here represent initial‐use results. In general, High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) and electrostatic precipitator systems demonstrated the highest efficiencies with respect to particulate, contaminants, followed closely by electret filter systems. Ionizers and ozone generators were least effective in particulate removal. Systems which included sufficient sorbent material (i.e. activated carbon or potassium permanganate) were marginally effective at gaseous contaminant removal. None of the systems tested were effective at carbon monoxide removal.Sensory testing was conducted to discern potential correlation between human perceptive response and measured air cleaner performance (with respect to tobacco smoke removal). An electret filter (EF) loaded with carbon sorbent received the best ratings with respect to odor strength, nasal irritation, eye irritation, and overall air acceptabilit

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00006.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe indoor concentrations of contaminants originating from outdoor sources have been measured and calculated under transient conditions. The results show that contaminants that are supplied to an office building via the ventilation system can reach considerably high concentration levels. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratio and time lag are dependent on the air change rate. In buildings with low air change rates the indoor concentration variations are smoothed out compared to buildings with high air change rates. The results from the theoretical model are compared to the results from both laboratory and field measurements and the model is verified for well mixed conditions in a 20 m3test chamber. The model can be used to simulate different control strategies for reduction of indoor contaminant concentrations related to outdoor sources. One such control strategy is based on reduction of the outdoor air change rate during periods with peak outdoor contaminant concentrations.

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00007.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA WHO/EURO working group met in Eilat, Israel, from 28 March to 4 April 1993, to assess the significance of risks to health associated with indoor radon, to develop a unified approach to control radon exposure, and to advise on the communication of associated health risks. A summary of the deliberations of this working group and its conclusions and recommendations are presented in this paper.

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00008.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDeciding between the different policy approaches available for reducing human exposures to indoor pollutants is an exceptionally complex task. These options can range from waiting until more definitive information is available to enacting regulatory standards, with many variations in between. This paper presents some of the factors policy‐makers must consider in establishing indoor air quality policies, and the role researchers should play in ensuring that indoor air policies are based on the best available scientific informatio

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00009.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.010-2.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY