ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.01-41.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo test the reproducibility of a questionnaire previously used to study the association between respiratory symptoms and home dampness/mold, it was sent to the parents of 1,596 children twice, with an interval of one month between distributions. A total of 770 respondents completed the questionnaire both times and were entered into an analysis. For exposure variables, percentages of agreement between the two administrations ranged from 87% for visible mold growth in the home to 95% for basement flooding. Respective kappa scores ranged from 73% to 82%. Percentage agreements for the adults' symptoms variables ranged from 80% for upper respiratory symptoms, to 99% for physician‐diagnosed asthma. Percentage agreements for children's symptoms ranged from 81% for upper respiratory symptoms to 97% for current asthma. For all symptoms kappas ranged from 59% to 90% indicating moderate to high reproducibility. Future research should now concentrate on validating the questionnaire as an indicator of mold growt

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00002.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are few data sets appropriate for characterizing the indoor concentrations of air pollutants over the long term. An understanding of the variability in indoor pollutant levels is particulurly relevant to the design of epidemiologic investigations: misclassifiation of exposure due to the inaccuracy of exposure estimates tends to weaken the association of exposure with health outcome. This paper uses a series of indoor NO2measurements collected at two‐week intervals over 18‐month periods between 1988 and 1991 to describe the seasonal and year‐to‐year variability in indoor NO2,. The data show that there can be large year‐to‐year differences in both the sample distribution of indoor NO2as well as the household average. For homes with gas ranges with continuously‐burning pilot lights, the average bedroom NO2concentration was 25% higher in the winter of 1990‐1991 than in the winter of 1989‐1990 but only 4% higher during the winter of 1988‐1989 than during the winter of 1989‐1990. The winter‐to‐winter correlations within homes ranged from a low of 0.53 to a high of 0.88. The year‐to‐year differences in mean indoor concentrations were not related to temperature patterns. Occupant behaviors that influence air exchange rate and/or source use are hypothesized to be the major determinant of the observed pattern. Exposure data collected during a single year should be cautiously extrapolated to other years. However, in Albuquerque homes, the data suggest that the year‐to‐year variability in household NO2levels will not have a strong impact on classifyi

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00003.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndoor and outdoor aerosol sampling was conducted in two New York State Counties, Suffolk and Onondaga, during the period of January 6 and April 15, 1986. Week‐long fine particle mass samples were collected indoors and outdoors for a total of 596 samples taken in 394 homes. The aerosol samples were analyzed by X‐ray fluorescence for the following elements: Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Cd, and Pb. Lastly, aerosol mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically.Homes included in this study had one or more of the following sources: cigarette smoking, kerosene heaters, wood burning and gas stoves. Homes with none of the above sources were also included. Comparisons between mass and elemental concentrations among the different home groups allowed the investigation of the elemental profiles and importance of the indoor sources. From the five investigated sources, cigarette smoking was found to be the most important, and to a lesser extent, kerosene heaters. Finally, gas stoves did not contribute to the observed indoor aerosol mass and elemental concentrations, but other unknown indoor sources did contribute to indoor aerosol concentrations.Room‐to‐room differences in mass and elemental concentrations were also investigated. The results of these analyses suggested that concentrations measured in the living area and kitchen are identical, within analytical errors. Therefore, the indoor environment can be characterized as wel

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00004.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFull‐scale residential house tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of organic emissions from a wood finishing product – wood stain – on indoor air quality (IAQ). The test house concentrations of three alkane species, nonane, decane, and undecane, were measured as a function of time after the application of the wood stain. It was found that the test house concentrations can be simulated by an integrated IAQ model which takes into consideration source, sink and ventilation effects. The alkane emissions were controlled by an evaporation‐like process. Data analysis indicated that there were significant sink effects in the test house. Different sink strengths were estimated by the model for the three alkane species. An inverse relationship between the test house sink strength and the alkane volatility wa

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00005.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLocal age of air and air change effectiveness were determined in two office buildings using tracer gas techniques to study the applicability of the associated measurement procedures in mechanically ventilated office buildings. Measurement issues examined include the establishment of a uniform tracer gas concentration at the start of the test and the relationship of ventilation system configuration and system operation to the test procedure. Air change effectiveness was determined at locations in the occupied space based on the local age of air at that location and the age of air in the corresponding ventilation system return duct. Values of the air change effectiveness in the occupied space were generally close to one, which is consistent with good mixing of the Ventilation air within the occupied space. Deviations from 1.0, on the order of 10%, did occur, but given the limited experience with these measurement procedures in the field it is not clear whether these deviations are significant. These tests provide data on air change effectiveness to supplement the limited database on mechanically ventilated office buildings in the US. In addition, the experience obtained with the measurement procedures will assist in the development of a standardized approach to measuring air change effectiveness in the field.

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00006.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA test chamber has been developed in order to provide a small and simple emission testing facility capable of testing construction products in a climate where the important climatic parameters such as temperature, ventilation rate and air velocity can be varied independently around typical indoor values. The test chamber CLIMPAQ is made of panes of window glass. Other main surface materials are stainless steel and eloxated aluminium. The chamber has a volume of 50.9 litres and is designed to meet the requirements for quantifying air pollution. In this investigation human subjects acted as air pollution judges, and chemical characterization of the air pollution was carried out. Carpet, linoleum, wall paint and seal‐ ant were tested simultaneously in the CLIMPAQ and in four other chambers ranging from a full‐scale chamber of 28 m3to a field and laboratory emission cell of 3.5· 10−5m3. Product ranking is the same in all chambers for the sensory measurements. Emission rates based on sensory measurements differ for all products less than 100 % except for tests in a 3‐litre chamber where emission rates were higher. Chemical measurements differ up to approximately 10 times for the same product in different chambers. Deviations appear to be the result of different environmental parameters in the various chambers. Low air concentrations or high specific ventilation rates seem to increase emissions, while differences in air velocities and sink properties may also be the cause of differences in emissi

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00007.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-3-00008.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.10-41.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0905-6947    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-2-00009.x

出版商:Munksgaard International Publishers    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY