ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087680

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the collection and analysis of data by a group of international collaborators (International Collaborative Effort on Perinatal and Infant Mortality) interested in comparative studies on birthweight distributions and reproductive outcome. This is the first of a series of reports on the results of these studies. It gives an account of the countries or states involved, and the collection and characteristics of the data. The countries and states included sixteen of the United States, plus England and Wales, Denmark, Bavaria and North Rhine‐Westphalia from the Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, Scotland, and Sweden. The data comprised birth‐weight distributions in 500‐gram groups for all births and for singletons separately, for livebirths, stillbirths, first week deaths and, where available, late neonatal and infant deaths, from 1970 up to

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087681

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Member states of the International and Collaborative Effort (ICE) are the United States of America, England and Wales, Denmark, Bavaria and North Rhine‐Westphalia of the Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, Scotland and Sweden. The group has collected, analysed and compared distributions of birthweight for member countries, where available from 1970 onwards, for singleton and all livebirths, stillbirths, early and late neonatal and postneonatal deaths. The present paper is an account of the differences in birthweight distributions, and trends over time seen between and within countries, for livebirths and stillbirths. The major findings are the relative robustness over time of the parameters which characterize the distribution of birthweight within countries, and the marked and consistent differences between these distributions in different countrie

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087682

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study “Successive Small‐for‐Gestational Age Births” (SGA study) was initiated and is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (N.I.H.) in the U.S.A. Its purpose is to describe and characterize the different types of intra‐uterine growth retardation and their consequences, to assess the associated risk factors, and to provide a basis for preventive measures. Starting in 1986, it runs concurrently in Bergen and Trondheim (Norway), Uppsala (Sweden) and Birmingham, Alabama (U.S.A), recruiting pregnant para 1 and 2 mothers at high risk of having an SGA birth and a random (control) sample of the total pregnant population. Data collection will end in late 1989, when the last‐born children have reached 13 months of age. At the present symposium, investigators from all four study centers and the N.I.H. described the study design and discussed problems of methodology. Strict standardization of parameters to determine gestational age (ultrasound, menstrual dates) is a prerequisite for comparison of results over time and between study centers. Some preliminary results wer

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087683

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hemostatic effects of a new triphasic oral contraceptive combination containing ethinylestradiol and the new progestogen gestodene were compared with those of a triphasic combination of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. A total of 19 women who did not use any kind of hormonal contraception 3 months prior to the study were recorded. The following parameters were measured: whole blood clotting time (WBCT), whole blood clot lysis time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, factors V, VII and VIII. Blood samples were taken before treatment and in cycles 1, 3 and 6. A significant shortening of WBCT was observed in cycle 3 and 6 in both groups and also in cycle 1 in the gestodene group. This may indicate an increased sensitivity for activation of platelets, since the assay appears to be quite sensitive to this process. In the other parameters tested there were no significant changes except for a slight increase in plasma fibrinogen in cycle 1 in the gestodene group.

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087684

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of an oral contraceptive (150 μglevonorgestrel and 30 μg ethinyl estradiol daily for 21 days) in primary dysmenorrhea were studied by recordings of uterine activity and reactivity to lysine (L) vasopressin (VP) and prostaglandin (PG)F2α, on the first day of menstruation in 14 women before and after one period of oral contraceptive treatment. During the first session, when all women had moderate to severe dysmenorrhea, intra‐uterine pressure recording showed an intensive uterine activity, and bolus injections of LVP (6 pmol/kg body weight; 6 subjects) or PGF2α, (6 or 12 nmol/kg body weight; 4 subjects in each group) increased contractile activity and discomfort. After oral contraceptive treatment, spontaneous uterine activity, measured as total pressure area, decreased significantly (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03 in the VP and PG groups, respectively). The mean uterine responses to LVP and PGF2α, were on average smaller after oral contraceptive treatment and the women experienced minimal discomfort after this injection. It is suggested that inhibition of uterine activity could be an important mechanism for the therapeutic effect of gestagen‐dominated oral contraceptives in primary dysmenorrhea and that reduced uterine reactivity to agonists might contribute to thi

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087685

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The issue of information and autonomy (informed consent) in prenatal diagnosis (PND) was studied by questionnaires given to women undergoing amniocentesis (group A, n = 122) or chorionic villus biopsy (group V, n = 90). About 1/4 of the women were also interviewed. Sixty‐eight percent of the women had learnt most about PND already before visiting the antenatal clinic. More women in group A (75%) than in group V (51%) were satisfied with the information given at the clinic, probably because amniocentesis is a well‐known routine, while chorionic villus biopsy is not. Further, in both groups, more of the women who underwent PND because of age were satisfied with the information than those having PND because of strong fear of giving birth to a handicapped baby. This might be explained by the complicated character of this fear, which the medical staff could not always understand and meet. Also the women who were investigated because of a known genetic problem seemed to need more specialized genetic counselling. Fifty‐eight percent of the women were well informed about the risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital disorder and 83% about which disorders could be detected by the procedure they were undergoing. Seventy‐three percent had not felt any uneasiness when they were offered PND by their midwife or gynecologist; 18% had initiated the discussion themselves. Seventy‐four percent of the women recommended that the medical staff actively offered PND. Most women (87%) answered that the midwife's or gynecologist's attitude towards PND had been positive. The majority (85%) considered that there is a risk of persuasion in counselling. However, 75% had felt independent and autonomous in their decision‐makin

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087686

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a multi‐practice study, 80 general practitioners registered 327 patients with spontaneous complaints of vaginal discharge. Forty‐eight percent of the patients were between 20 and 29 years of age, compared with 20% in the general female population (p<0.001). An increase in discharge was reported by 89% of the women, itching by 53%, and malodour by 38%. More than one symptom was reported by 61%. The symptoms present were mutually independent and no correlation was found with age. Seventy‐six percent of women 25 years or older had had earlier instances of vaginal discharge. In patients aged 15–19, 60% had experienced earlier episodes. Male consort symptoms were reported by 14% of patients less than 25 years old and by 7% of the patients 25 years or older (p<0.05). Symptoms had persisted for one week or less in 36% of the women, for between 1 and 2 weeks in 27%, and for more than one yea

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087687

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As immune globulin anti‐D given in the immediate post partum period fails to prevent the development of anti‐D antibodies in about 1.5–2% of women at risk, probably as a result of feto‐maternal bleeding during pregnancy, 300 μgof immune globulin anti‐D was administered to 609 Rh‐negative women in the 28th gestational week. Three hundred and forty‐six had Rh‐positive babies, and were given additionally 200 μganti‐D post partum. Of these, 291 had an antibody screen test done 10 months after delivery. No anti‐D antibodies were found. The test results of the study group were compared with those of a control group of 354 women who did not receive prenatal immune globulin, but otherwise the same examinations and treatment. In this group, 322 had a screen test performed 10 months post partum or in their next pregnancy, when 1.8% had anti‐D antibodies. The difference in immunization incidence between the groups was significant (p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups regarding the number of women with fetal erythrocytes in serum after delivery, but the number of fetal erythrocytes found was significantly lower in the group receiving prenatal prophylaxis (p<0.001). No adverse effects were found in the infants expos

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087688

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a multi center study, the efficacy of and tolerance of 6 months' intranasal gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (buserelin) treatment (300 μg × 3/day) on laparoscopically verified endometriosis was evaluated in 25 patients. At second‐look laparoscopy at the end of medication, the mean endometriosis score had fallen by 82.2%. All endometriosis‐associated symptoms and physical findings decreased or almost disappeared during buserelin administration. After discontinuing therapy, they showed a tendency to reappear, but nevertheless they were milder after one year of follow‐up, than before treatment. Seven (54%) of the 13 women wishing pregnancy actually conceived. Vaginal irregular spotting bleedings during the first 2 months occurred in 7 patients. No patient withdrew from the trial because of side effects, although almost all women developed symptoms of estrogen deficiency (serum estradiol concentrations fell to menopausa

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348909087689

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY