ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157781

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.This survey traces the development of the main ideas and experimental findings on the function of endometrial prostaglandins in stimulating the expulsive contractions of the myometrium during normal menstruation, and the effect of excessive action of this nature in producing dysmenorrhea. Some observations are also given on the ‘menotoxin’, an unidentified substance which is toxic to certain plants and which may or may not prove relevant to gynecology.Areas where further fundamental work is needed are suggested. The survey is not a complete review of the topic, which would need a much longer pa

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157782

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The prostaglandins and some related substances of biological importance constitute a rapidly growing family of compounds, all the members of which are oxygenated derivatives of certain polyunsaturated, essential fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid. Most cell types possess the enzyme systems necessary for the conversion of the precursor fatty acids into these compounds. The first step in the conversion leads to the production of cyclic peroxides, and this step is readily inhibited by the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. The further metabolism of the endoperoxides leads to the formation of other potent compounds: the “classical” prostaglandins, the thromboxanes and prost

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157783

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The biosynthesis of prostaglandins is a very rapid reaction. Since blood platelets, when disturbed, readily convert e. g. arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2and F2α, those compounds cannot be quantitated in body fluids or tissues which contain platelets.When present in the circulation, primary prostaglandins are rapidly inactivated to corresponding 15‐ke‐to‐13, 14‐dihydro metabolites which occur in plasma in about ten times higher concentrations than the primary prostaglandins. The basal plasma levels of these metabolites are lower than 100 picog/ml. Therefore highly sensitive and specific techniques are necessary for safe quantitation of prostaglandins.The rapid inactivation of prostaglandins also makes it necessary to carefully determine which metabolite should be quantitated in a given experimental situation.The complexity of prostaglandin biochemistry and its importance for accurate monitoring of prostaglandin synthesis in different experimental situations will be discussed in this

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157784

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Drugs may alter prostaglandin production by acting on the various pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane‐bound phospholipids, induced by the enzyme phospholipase A2, may be inhibited by mepacrine and the steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents. The bio‐transformation of the free arachidonic acid, by the enzyme cyclo‐oxygenase, to the unstable endoperoxide intermediates is inhibited by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents. Thus, the generation of all the prostaglandin products is prevented. This action can explain the anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic actions as well as the ulcerogenic properties of these aspirin‐like compounds. An alternative metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid, via the lipoxygenase system, can be inhibited by an acetylenic analogue and a newer compound, phenidone. The unstable endoperoxide intermediates can be transformed by blood platelets into the pro‐aggregating products, thromboxanes. This pathway can be selectively inhibited by a variety of experimental compounds. Prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation is the major product of endoperoxide transformation in blood vessels. Its formation can be inhibited by lipid peroxides. Selective actions on one or more steps in arachidonic acid metabolism can lead to a different profile of the products subsequently generated. Such a diversion of biosynthetic pathways may be an underlying mechanism in certain pathological conditions, perhaps eve

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157785

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Mechanisms of possible pathophysiological importance in primary dysmenorrhea are discussed. Hyperactivity of the myometrium with accompanying uterine ischemia is considered to be of central importance in the causation of pain. Prostaglandins seem to be involved to a large extent in the development of the myometrial hyperactivity. Other mechanisms of possible importance such as ovarian hormones, cervical factors, vasopressin, nerves, and psychological factors can well act ultimately through prostaglandin release but an action directly on the myometrium and blood flow may also occur.

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157786

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The effect of intravenous and intrauterine administration of PGE1or PGE2and PGF2αas well as oral administration of PGE2on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus was studied. With the use of the flaccid microballoon technique or a micro transducer catheter, uterine recordings were made at frequent intervals throughout the menstrual cycle. Independently of the route of administration and of the phase of the cycle, treatment with PGF2αinvariably resulted in stimulation of uterine motility. A high sensitivity to PGF2αwas noted during the late secretory phase both in normal and dysmenorrheic women.A marked decrease in sensitivity to both PGE2and PGF2αadministered by the intrauterine route was observed in the periovulatory phase. Inhibition of uterine contractility by PGE2following both intrauterine and oral administration was noted during active menstrual bleeding in normal as well as in dysmenorrheic women.These findings suggest that endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of the normal uterine motility during the menstrual cycle and that the main reason for the abnormal contractility pattern seen in dysmenorrheic women during menstrual bleeding is an increased PGF2α/PGE2r

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157787

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.During hypertonic saline induction, the evolution of intrauterine pressure, the oxytocin response and abortion were delayed in naproxen‐treated patients. The PG synthesis inhibitors naproxen, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen decreased the high uterine resting pressure (‘tone’), the frequency of contractions but not always the active pressure (‘amplitude’) in dysmenorrheic patients, with a coincident decrease in pain.The naproxen‐sodium treatment decreased prostaglandins F and E in menstrual blood and uterine jet washings by 60

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157788

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The technique called hysterometry has been used for the quantitative evaluation of effect of naproxen sodium and naproxen on myometrial tensionin vivoduring dysmenorrhea. It was observed that “uterine tonicity” ‐ the datum arrived at after hysterometric recording ‐ decreased significantly during naproxen medication in comparison with placebo treatment. Decrease in uterine tonicity was well correlated with relief

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157789

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The plasma concentration of 13, 14‐dihydro‐PGF2αduring menstruation were determined by gas chromatography in 6 non‐dysmenorrheic and 10 dysmenorrheic women. Nine out of 10 dysmenorrheic women were found to have increased levels (>50 pg/ml) of the metabolite compared with mean level 25 pg/ml for non‐dysmenorrheic women. All 9 women with elevated PGF2α‐metabolite levels responded favourably to treatment of dysmenorrhea with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Determinations of PGF2αin the endometrium carried out by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry showed 4 times higher concentrations in 5 dysmenorrheic women compared with 5 non‐dysmenorrheic subjects. Treatment of dysmenorrhea with placebo or naproxen 250 mg and 500 mg in 6 patients resulted in decrease in tonus and amplitude of the contractions with a more rapid effect following administration of naproxen 500 mg while no effect was seen in 5 out of 6 patients following administr

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016347909157790

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY