ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155322

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Studies on the endocrine function of the ageing ovary are briefly reviewed. In the perimenopausal years, follicular function can become defective, leading to variable and often shortened cycle length and frequent anovulation. In the postmenopausal period the ovarian stromal cells continue to secrete variable amounts of steroid, mainly androgens. The endocrine activity of the postmenopausal ovary is generally too low to cause clinical symptoms. Occasional cases of hirsutism and even virilization have been reported in postmenopausal women with non‐neoplastic lesions of the ovar

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155323

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.In earlier studies on the effects of castration, most of the women had been operated on late in the reproductive period of life. In the present material all the 142 women had been oophorectomized between the ages of 15 and 30 years because of advanced salpingitis. Not only the tubes but also the ovaries had been radically removed. The series was analyzed in respect of causes of death, survival, morbidity, osteoporosis and hormonal state. Complete oophorectomy was found to be followed by (i) a significant increase in the frequency of coronary heart diseases; (ii) an increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, most significantly in those aged below 60–65 years; (iii) an increased incidence of fractures; (iv) an increased frequency of nervous disorders of psychological rather than endocrinological origi

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155324

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Symptomatic post‐menopausal women were treated with conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin; Ayerst International) 1.25 mg daily, continuously, adding either norethisterone (Primolut N; Schering Chemicals) 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg daily or D/L norgestrel (Wyeth Laboratories) 150 or 500 μg daily for 10 days each calendar month. Endometrial biopsies were obtained during estrogen therapy alone and oh the 6th day of combined estrogen/progestin administration.Sensitive biochemical indices of estrogen and progestogenic activities were measured in the endometrial samples. These included measurements of DNA synthesis in epithelium and stroma by tritiated thymidine autoradiography; nuclear estradiol receptor content, and the activities of estradiol 17β and isocitric dehydrogenase and acid and alkaline phosphatase.Low dosages of progestins achieved maximal biochemical effects and the larger doses failed to enhance these responses. It is concluded that the dosages of progestins currently added in post‐menopausal estrogen therapy are greatly in excess of those necessary to suppress endometrial proliferation effectively; lowering the daily progestin dosage is unlikely to result in any lessening of this protective effect and will probably reduce the incidence of side effects, as these appear to be dose‐de

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155325

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Estriol, 0.5 mg, was administered intravaginally as ovula once a day for 16 days to 5 menopausal women. Endometrial biopsies were taken before and after the last day of treatment. Before the treatment scanning electron microscopy showed a typical menopausal uterine surface with sparsely occurring ciliated cells among the non‐ciliated ones. The non‐ciliated cells possessed a small number of short microvilli. After estriol treatment the ciliated cells occurred more frequently. The cells possessed more numerous and longer microvilli and several non‐ciliated cells showed apical protrusions. These changes are considered to be signs of an estrogenic influence. It is concluded that the estriol release from the vaginal ovula is sufficient to induce an estrogenic response in the surface of the uterine epith

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155326

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The major function of calcitonin in man appears to be the prevention of excessive or unwanted bone resorption. There is a marked sex difference in circulating levels, with a relative deficiency in women. As calcitonin secretion in young women is known to be increased by estrogens, long periods of estrogen lack—such as the postmenopause—are possibly associated with a more pronounced calcitonin deficiency. This exaggerated deficiency could be an important factor in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal bone loss, especially as the latter is believed to be due to excessive bone resorption.We have studied the effects of three exogenous estrogens on the circulating levels in postmenopausal women of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, the vitamin D metabolites 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and calcium and phosphate. The most striking finding was a sharp rise in the plasma levels of calcitonin. Estrogens are known to prevent postmenopausal bone loss but the mechanism of action remains obscure. We suggest that the beneficial effects of estrogens could be mediated, at least in part, through control of calcitonin secretion. Thus calcitonin may prove effective in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss and its role in the treatment of established osteoporosis warrants further evaluat

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155327

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155328

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Although there is a slightly increased risk of endometrial cancer from estrogen therapy for menopausal women, progestogens given along with the estrogen significantly decrease the incidence of this malignancy to a rate lower than that of untreated women. Postmenopausal women predisposed to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium because of increased endogenous estrogens can be identified with the progestogen challenge test and treated with cyclic progestogens for 10 days each month to prevent endometrial cancer. Oral contraceptives containing both estrogens and progestogens in each tablet are protective against developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, whereas the sequential birth control pills provided less protection. The incidence of breast cancer is significantly lower in both estrogen and estrogen‐progestogen users than in postmenopausal women never using these hormones. In those women found to have breast cancer while using these hormones, the prognosis is better than that found in women never exposed to exogenous estrogens, most likely due to an earlier detection. No clear‐cut pattern of either abnormal hormone production or milieu has been found in women with carcinoma of the breast. Oral contraceptives reduce the risk of benign breast disease and afford some protection from the subsequent development of breast cancer. The mortality rate from breast cancer developing in oral contraceptive users is significantly lower than that of the non‐

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155329

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The orthostatic circulatory reaction, the physical working capacity on a bicycle ergometer, the indirectly measured blood pressure at rest and after the ergometer test, the total hemoglobin content, blood volume and the heart volume in supine position were all determined on three separate occasions in the 17 premenopausal women who were taking an estrogen‐progestogen combination as premenopausal substitution (2 mg estradiol valerate and 0.5 mg norgestrel, CyclabilR, Schering AG). Twelve women not receiving steroid treatment served as controls. The examinations were performed once prior to the commencement of the medication and 6 and 12 months thereafter. The orthostatic pulse reaction, the physical working capacity, the total amount of hemoglobin and the blood volume did not change during the 12 months. Heart volume increased in both groups but there was no difference between the groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased slightly in the treated group during the first 6 months but returned towards the initial values at 12 months. The transitory blood pressure increase when using the estrogen‐progestogen combination in the premenopause during 12 months is similar to that earlier reported in younger women taking low‐dose steroid contraceptives (8). It is conceivable that an adaptative mechanism in the vascular system will work in both situa

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155330

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The effect of hormone replacement therapy on carbohydrate metabolism in menopausal women is briefly reviewed. Estrogen treatment has a bi‐phasic effect; abnormal glucose tolerance with a normal insulin level is commonly found within 3 months of treatment, followed by normalization of the glycemia when treatment is extended beyond one year. Normal tolerance usually occurs once treatment is stopped. Estrogens may therefore be regarded as being glucogenic (reversible blood glucose elevation) rather than diabetogenic (permanent hyperglycemia). With some exceptions, progestogens have little effect on glucose tolerance within the first 3–6 months of treatment; thereafter progressive hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia occur. Postulated mechanisms for the hormonal effect on carbohydrate metabolism are noted, including the possible synergistic effect of estrogens on progestogen glucogenic activity. The significance of chronic hyperglycemia and vascular disease is commented u

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016348209155331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY