ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009911

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009912

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Our knowledge about the safety, the incidence of side effects, and the effectiveness of contraceptive methods for women in premenopause, or during the last decade of their reproductive life, has not been a primary interest for research and development in fertility control. The main purpose of trials for the evaluation of new contraceptive methods is to test their effectiveness, and therefore only women below 38 years of age are accepted. Furthermore, when new methods are being tested, only healthy women are accepted, and those having health problems of almost any kind are excluded. Therefore our knowledge about the contraceptive methods in women over 40 years of age is scanty and comes from trials with a long‐lasting follow‐up on healthy women who can use the method without problems until they are 45 or reach menopause. We have very limited reported information on the use of contraceptives by women who have cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver problems, etc. Therefore the main body of experience in this review comes from healthy women between 35 and 44. On the other hand, one should remember that these women have a high motivation to use contraceptive methods and therefore the continuation rate in the trials is high. This compensates for the relatively small number of acceptors by giving more women‐years in follow‐up. Continuation rate and the proper use of methods are directly correlated to increase in age, socioeconomical status, and to education of users. Highly educated women in this age group have very low failure rate with almost any

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009913

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of reducing the dose of peroral lynestrenol by half on serum sex‐hormone, lipid and lipoprotein status was studied in 21 mentally retarded women with therapeutic amenorrhea (TA). They had previously received 5 or 10 mg peroral lynestrenol daily for periods ranging from 32 to 196 months.Dose halving of lynestrenol resulted in an increase in serum total testosterone (T) by 16% (p<0.05). sex‐hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by 39% (p<0.01) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL.‐C) by 28% (p<0.001). Both the mean serum total and free concentrations of norethisterone (NET and tNET) decreased by 60% (p<0,001). The serum concentrations of 17‐beta‐estradiol (E2), its free fractions (fE2) and free T (fT) were not significantly altered. Significant correlations were observed between the change in HDL‐C and the change in T (r = 0.45, p<0.05), between the change in SHBG and the change in T (r = 0.62, p<0.01), ff (r = 0.43. p<0.05) and Ez(r = 0.51, p<0.05).The elevation of HDL‐C was probably caused by the reduced serum NET concentrations. This also resulted in an increase in serum SHBG concentration, which is regarded as an indicator of the overall estrogen

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009914

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To study the effects of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on uterine contractility in different parts of the uterus and on the direction and velocity of propagation of the activity. intra‐uterine pressure (IUP) was measured simultaneously in 10 dysmenorrheic and 5 eumenorrheic patients with two microtransducer catheters at two locations (30 mm apart) before and after taking nimesulide, a newly developed NSAID. The uterus developed higher pressure cycles in the fundus than in the isthmus, in both eumenorrheic and dysinenorrhcic conditions. Nimesulide did not affect either the active pressure (AP) or the direction and velocity of propagation of the activity, though it alleviated pain significantly. In dysmenorrheic patients, resting pressure (RP) is at a high level only in the fundus. The velocity of propagation ranged from 12 to 19 mni/s. The mathematical probability of procervical activity (1.0 if all procervical; 0.0 if all profun‐dal). and thus the transport, was 0.59 in eumenorrheic and 0.68 in dysmenorrheic patients, the average for the whole series being 0.65. The luminal content (menstrual blood) moves in the cervical direction much more slowly than would be expected on the basis of simple calculations of velocity (velocity vector) of prop

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009915

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Perinatal morbidity and mortality are still high in cases of intra‐uterine growth retardation. Present screening methods select large risk groups and have a low positive predictive value. Instruments which could be used as indicators for those cases within the risk group needing close fetal monitoring would be valuable. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate fetal ponderal index with respect to signs of fetal distress and neonatal outcome. By means of a risk scoring system, 73 pregnancies with increased risks of intra‐uterine growth retardation were compared with 61 controls. By means of ultrasound, fetal weight was estimated and the fetal femur measured. The fetal ponderal index was calculated by dividing the estimated fetal weight in grams by the third power of the femur length. In the control group, 5/61 showed signs of distress and in the risk group, 43/73. The mean fetal ponderal index of the controls was 8.60 (SD 0.84) and in the risk group 7.72. The groups were compared with each other with respect to signs of distress. The fetuses showing signs of distress had a mean FePI of 7.45 (p<0.001). Those (30/73) in the risk group not showing signs of fetal distress had a mean value of 8.14 and differed significantly (p<0.001) from the distress group. Fetal ponderal index would seem to he B valuable adjunct for the differentiation of the more susceptible fetuses in an intra‐uterine growth retardation risk

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009916

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two regimens of the prostaglandin E, analogue, gemeprost, were compared in an open trial for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 18 weeks. Fifty women received 5×1 mg of gemeprost every 3 h and in another 50 cases, 4×1 mg of gemeprost was administered every 6 h. Although the median abortion interval was slightly shorter in the 3‐hourly group (15.9 h vs. 16.9 h;p= 0.5), the cumulative abortion rates at 24 h were similar (88% vs. 82%;p<0.5). In women who aborted within the first 24 h, significantly fewer pessaries (p<0.01) were required to induce abortion in the 6‐h treatment group (median 3, range 1–4) than the 3‐h group (median 5, 2–5). Parous women in both treatment groups required fewer pessaries to induce abortion than did nulliparous women (not significant;p= 0.5). Significantly (p,<0.01) fewer pessaries were required to induce abortion in the 6‐h gemeprost group. The were no significant differences between the groups regarding incidences of diarrhea, vomiting, or the request for analgesia. These results suggest that in many women the number of pessaries used to induce mid‐trimester abortion could bc reduced by lengthening the interval between insertion of pessaries within the first 24 h, without loss of cl

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009917

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prolactin (PRL) levels and Na+. K+, Cl−. Ca+concentrations in maternal serum and amniotic fluid from 64 women in normal term pregnancy were measured by immunoenzymetric assay and flame photometry. The mean amniotic fluid PRL concentration was 597.7 (SE 31.5) ng/ml and the mean amniotic fluid Na+, K+, Cl−and Cd++levels were 125.6 (SE 0.9) mmol/l, 4.5 (SE 0.1) mmol/l, 109.3 (SE 1.3) mmol/l and 2.0 (SE 7.5 E‐02) mmol/l, respectively. There was no correlation between PRL levels in maternal scrum and amniotic fluid. and the electrolyte concentrations in amniotic fluid. A close correlation was found between the concentrations of Na+and Cl−in maternal serum and amniotic fluid. Thus, even though PRL may participate in the regulation of electrolytes in the amniotic fluid compartments, our findings provide indirect evidence for the existence of other regulatory mec

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009918

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A prospective randomized study of 267 pregnant women was undertaken to compare the efficacy of a pharmacy‐prepared 3‐mg prostaglandin E2(PGE2) vaginal suppository with a 3‐mg PGE2vaginal tablet for induction of labor and cervical ripening. No statistically significant difference in success frequency was found between the two groups, either on the first day (72% and 74%, respectively; p>0.05) or on the second day (89% in both groups). There was an equal proportion of women requiring oxytocin augmentation in the two groups, but the slower releasing properties of the vaginal tablet were reflected in a longer mean induction—delivery interval of about 4 h for this group. In both the pessary and the vaginal tablet groups, women who had not gone into labor on the First day showed a statistically significant increment in the Bishop score on the morning of the second day. The frequency of cesarean section was the same in both groups, but instrumental deliveries were more frequent in the vaginal tablet group. It is concluded that PGE, vaginal tablets—a chemically stable alternative to pharmacy prepared pessaries—appear to be effective as regards cervical ripening as well as for labo

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009919

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An analysis was made of a cross‐sectional survey of 4,299 women born in Sweden in the period 19361960, regarding their reproductive performance. Fecundability was only 12% lower for women in the 30–39 year age interval than for women up to 29 years of age. Cumulative pregnancy rates for individual years fell in the range 93–96%. No difference in fecundability could be discerned between women born in 1936–45 vis‐à‐vis 1946–60. Primary and secondary infertility were noted for 6.6% and 11.0% respectively of the entire population surveyed. Primary infertility, more prevalent among those born in 194660, was found to be related to a higher level of education, an urban life style and low age at first coitus. The risk of suffering a spontaneous abortion increased with advancin

ISSN:0001-6349    

DOI:10.3109/00016349209009920

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY