ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03032.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInjuries have emerged as the leading cause of child and adolescent morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Efforts to control injuries require injury surveillance and research, creating the need for standard variable definitions and categorizations. Advantages of such standardization include increased comparability of data sets, avoidance of spurious conclusions based on idiosyncratic definitions and categories and the potential to combine data sets (e.g. on injuries and population counts) to yield new information. Pertinent standards will differ depending on the purposes for which the data are collected. More limited (core) data are appropriate to surveillance and more extensive data to research. Existing standards that are likely to be most useful to pediatric injury investigators are the International Classification of Diseases External Cause (E) codes (which provide mechanism‐of‐injury diagnoses and are the international gold standard for injury data reporting) and the Standard Definitions for Childhood Injury Research recently released by the United States National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, which include both core and complete variable listings. Some key core definitions from the latter report are presen

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03033.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of injury surveillance systems in Australia is described from a public health perspective at the national level. Injury surveillance systems have undergone significant changes in recent years and further developments are planned. Three phases or generations are distinguished, each with distinctive features, advantages, and disadvantages. The first generation system was based on by‐product data from routine mortality and morbidity statistics. The second generation system was specifically designed for injury surveillance, mainly using data collected for this purpose in hospital accident and emergency departments. A third generation of public health surveillance systems for injury control is now being developed for Australia. In developing a third generation system, a middle course is being charted. The number of data items and the complexity of classification for routine surveillance are mid‐way between those of the first and second generation syst

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractApproximately 2000 children aged between 0 and 14 years die annually of accidents and their sequelae in Japan. Moreover, accidents and their sequelae are the leading cause of death in the 1–4 year, 5–9 year and 10–14 year age groups. Accidental drowning and traffic accidents account for 2/3 of all such deaths. Measures for preventing injury in these age groups are clearly necessary, since the mortality rate due to accidents and their sequelae in children 0 to 4 years old is higher in Japan than in European countries.It is considered that the lives of 824 infants aged between 0 and 4 years might be saved annually in Japan if the mortality rate could be reduced to a level comparable to that in Sweden by accident prevention and control. Therefore, a systematic approach for prevention of childhood injury is a high priority in

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn Japan, the leading cause of death for children over 1 year old is injury, and for children aged 0–14, drowning is the second leading cause of death. The purpose of the present study was to describe the epidemiological factors of drownings and near‐drownings among Japanese children and to ascertain whether there are characteristic patterns for different age groups.Epidemiologic data was obtained by questionnaire. A total of 604 cases of submersion injuries were reported from 49 hospitals located in 22 Japanese prefectures. In the present paper, victims of drowning(n= 134) and near‐drowning with permanent severe brain damage (n= 51) and those of near‐drowning with intact survival or mild impairment(n= 419) were investigated. Preschool‐aged children, especially toddlers, are at the greatest risk of drowning and near‐drowning, and for children over 2 years of age, boys have three times greater risk than girls. The bathtub is the most common place of submersion injuries in Japan, especially for children under 4 years of age. The important risk factors for the victims who died or were severely impaired were associated with duration of submersion and necessity of emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation on arrival

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Japan Poison Information Center (JPIC) was founded only 6 years ago as a result of co‐operation between the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine, the Japan Pediatric Society and other related medical organizations. The JPIC is the only poison information center admitted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare to provide toxicological information to medical personnel and the general public, and has two offices on duty in alternating 24 h shifts. Every year, JPIC receives about 30 000 inquiries. About 82% of these inquiries are from the general public and 84% of the patients are children 5 years and younger.We contrasted the data in the fiscal year 1991 with the data of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC). Child poison exposure in Japan is characterized by a high exposure rate of children under 1 year of age to (mostly) household products. The JPIC also analyzed the cause of tobacco ingestion. It is considered that the Japanese lifestyle causes differences from those reported by AAPCC. We report the accidental poisoning of children in Japa

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInjuries of school‐aged children were presented from several data sources. About 80000 schools, from nurseries to upper secondary schools, operate in Japan and are attended by 24.3 million students. About 97% of these young people are insured by the insurance system of the School Safety Division of the National Stadium and School Health Center of Japan. Annual injuries and illnesses total 1.08 million, 1039 cases being impedimentary and 191 causing death. The average incidence of injury and illness is 4.6%, a rate that has been increasing every year since 1960.The activity at the time of injury, the impairment incurred, and the part of the body injured differ with the type of school and depend mainly on the developmental stage of the child. Minor injuries occur at the rate of about 47 cases in elementary schools and 14 in lower secondary schoolsversusone benefit‐applied injury at a school safety center.The cost of injuries under the control of schools totaled US$124 million per year in 1990. The average amount of benefits per injured student per month was US

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study analyzes the characteristics of traffic accidents involving children. It discusses why children with certain attributes and in specific situations are exposed to a higher traffic accident risk, in light of their ability to deal with traffic and their body characteristics. Finally, based on these results, it offers some conclusions and recommendations on ways of improving child safety in road traffic.

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAccidental injury is a principal public health issue with important individual, societal and economic consequences. Crude figures show that 2.7 million deaths from injury and poisoning are reported worldwide. In developing and industrialized countries 10–30% of all hospital admissions are due to accidental injuries. In particular, children and adolescents are at risk. In all industrialized countries accidental injuries are the major cause of death and morbidity among children above the age of one. In the domestic safety area much effort has to be invested in improving the safety of the environment and products.In the European region, collaboration among authorities in the framework of the European Community (EC) has been shown to be productive in the area of safety. Although trade interest is predominant in the EC objectives, the need to harmonize national regulations and standards towards common European standards has appeared to be an important vehicle for establishing standards at an optimum level of safety. It has also fostered some collaboration in data collection and analysis and in implementing prevention measures. An even stronger international collaboration is needed for ensuring that appropriate priorities are being set and prevention measures are effectively being implemente

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOver the past 13 years, child safety centres have been established at several Australian Children's hospitals. In a short time, they have developed an important role in community injury control programmes. These centres provide an efficient conduit for transferring up‐to‐date injury surveillance and prevention information to families, industry, health and education professionals, and government. The activities of the Child Safety Centre at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne are described, together with ways in which a degree of self‐funding can be ach

ISSN:1328-8067    

DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.1993.tb03041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY