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The Influence of Salinity on the Toxicity of Various Classes of Chemicals to Aquatic Biota |
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Critical Reviews in Toxicology,
Volume 25,
Issue 4,
1995,
Page 281-346
HallLenwood W.,
AndersonRonald D.,
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摘要:
AbstractThe objective of this study was to review all available aquatic toxicity literature regarding the effects of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of inorganic and organic chemicals. Toxicity data for studies in which toxicity was assessed at various salinities were organized by chemical classes and trophic groups. Seventy percent of the studies were conducted with either crustaceans or fish. The other 30% were with mollusks, annelids, zooplankton, bacteria, phytoplankton, or fungi. Results from 173 data entries showed that negative correlations (toxicity increasing with decreasing salinity) were reported most frequently (55%), followed by no correlations (27%) and positive correlations (18%). The toxicity of most metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc was reported to increase with decreasing salinity. This finding is likely related to the greater bioavailability of the free metal ion (toxic form) at lower salinity conditions. There was generally no consistent trend for the toxicity of most organic chemicals with salinity. The one exception to this was reported with organophosphate insecticides, the toxicity of which appeared to increase with increasing salinity. Physiological characteristics of the various test species were important in determining the toxicity of the various classes of chemicals at a range of salinities. Results from various studies showed that euryhaline species were more resistant to toxic conditions at isosmotic salinities due to minimization of osmotic stress. Specific examples showed that fish were more resistant to toxic chemicals at middle salinities when compared with either lower or higher extremes. Life history and ecology of test species were important factors to consider when interpreting salinity/contaminant interaction data.
ISSN:1040-8444
DOI:10.3109/10408449509021613
出版商:Taylor&Francis
年代:1995
数据来源: Taylor
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2. |
Toxicological Effects of Ethanol on Human Health |
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Critical Reviews in Toxicology,
Volume 25,
Issue 4,
1995,
Page 347-367
AhmedFarid E.,
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PDF (1907KB)
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摘要:
AbstractModerate ethanol consumption reduces stress and increases feelings of happiness and well-being, and may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Heavy consumption of alcohol, however, may cause addiction and increases all types of injury and trauma. Environmental and genetic factors are involved in susceptibility to alcoholism. Ethanol can lead to malnutrition, and can exert a direct toxicological effect due to its interference with hepatic metabolism and immunological functions. A causal effect has been observed between alcohol and various cancers. Cessation of alcohol consumption and balanced nutrition are recommended primary nonspecific therapeutic measures for alcoholics. Drug therapies for alcoholics suffering from liver injury has resulted in mixed results. In end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation may be considered.
ISSN:1040-8444
DOI:10.3109/10408449509021614
出版商:Taylor&Francis
年代:1995
数据来源: Taylor
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