ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00819.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study is a foray into a neglected but nevertheless important area in the intellectual history of the sociology of crime. Its focus is the writings of Gabriel Tarde (1843–1904), an elusive figure who was tremendously influential in his own time yet whose criminology was quickly lost in the even wider acclaim then accorded his contributions to political philosophy and social psychology. Three consistent lines of enquiry in Tarde's considerable discourse on crime are explained here, as follows: (1) his virulent opposition to biological positivism; (2) his attempt to transcend the crude scientism of the Franco‐Belgian moral statisticians; and (3) his debate with Durkheim about the putative normality of crime. It is suggested that Tarde's engagement in these debates contributed to a protracted, neoclassical compromise in the domain of penality whereby the legal subject of classical jurisprudence was rescued from the positivist revolution in criminol

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00820.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After nearly 20 years of ferment in criminology, the reactive conception of criminality is the most intractable issue. It can be circumvented only if criminologists use official data to compute crime rates and to identify criminals or delinquents. That proposed strategy does not necessarily entail acceptance of the reactive conception, especially in light of an argument about etiological theories that purport to answer two of the four major criminological questions, those having to do with variation in the crime rate and with individual differences as regards criminality. Any such theory will be empirically indefensible unless it encompasses (1) some etiological condition as the independent variable; (2) the frequency of some type of behavior as an intervening variable; (3) an official criminality variable (for example, an official crime rate); and (4) a reactive variable, one which pertains to the behavior of legal officials and supposedly determines the connection between the intervening variable and the dependent variable. The argument bears on Marxist and conflict criminology only insofar as advocates of those perspectives genuinely pursue etiological theories about crime. Finally, apart from any substantive consideration, criminological theories will remain defective until criminologists adopt formal theory construction. The more general and important point is that some 20 years of ferment will not culminate in a new theory without some special strategy—if not the one proposed here, then anothe

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Delinquency theory must come to terms with experimental studies of causation and with existential studies of delinquents in situ The three are closely related. Existential studies provide insight into both the forms of delinquency and its causal matrix, and causal studies suggest both the relevant context and lawful regularities in the nature of delinquency. Moreover, using the concepts of domain and generality, one sees that strain “theory” is not a theory but a causal paradigm and that it is not competitive with control theory. One also finds that social control theory and cultural deviance are parallel in that both deal essentially with conforming behav

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Contemporary theories of delinquency are seen as limited in three respects: they tend to rely on unidirectional causal structures that represent delinquency in a static rather than dynamic fashion, they do not examine developmental progressions, and they do not adequately link processual concepts to the person's position in the social structure. The present article develops an interactional theory of delinquency that addresses each of these issues. It views delinquency as resulting from the freedom afforded by the weakening of the person's bonds to conventional society and from an interactional setting in which delinquent behavior is learned and reinforced. Moreover, the control, learning, and delinquency variables are seen as reciprocalIy interrelated, mutually affecting one another over the person's life. Thus, delinquency is viewed as part of a larger causal network, affected by social factors but also affecting the development of those social factors over time.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is well known that high rates of crime and deviance can persist in specific neighborhoods despite repeated, complete turnovers in the composition of their populations. That this occurs suggests that more than “kinds of people” explanations are needed to account for the ecological concentration of deviance—that we also need to develop “kinds of places” explanations. This essay attempts to codify more than a century of ecological research on crime and deviance into an integrated set of 30 propositions and offers these as a first approximation of a theory of devia

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Routine activities deliver easy crime opportunities to the offender. Astute planners and managers can interfere with this delivery, diverting flows of likely offenders (such as adolescents) away from streams of suitable targets (such as television sets). They can engineer traffic to provide “natural surveillance.” Past trends encouraged crime rate increases, but the developing metropolitan facility could reverse this, privatizing substantial portions of metropolitan t

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It has been claimed that the rational choice perspective, which sees criminal behavior as the outcome of decisions and choices made by the offender, can provide a useful framework for analyzing crime control policies. By developing the concept of “choice‐structuring properties,” which refers to the constellation of opportunities, costs, and benefits attaching to particular kinds of crime, this paper attempts to develop rational choice theory in order to improve analysis of crime displacement—a concept frequently invoked by the critics of opportunity‐reducing measures of crime p

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper begins with a conceptual analysis of the idea of white‐collar crime. It considers data relevant to popular images of white‐collar crime and outlines a general theory of crime explicitly applicable to both ordinary and white‐collar crime. This theory is compared with traditional explanations of white‐collar crime, and several explicit empirical tests of rival views are de

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY