摘要:

Research on gender differences in criminal sanctions generally finds a pattern of more lenient outcomes for female offenders, while noting that the effect of gender varies in relation to a number of contextual influences. As yet, however, little attention has been paid to how the relationship of gender to court outcomes varies across different historical periods. This paper examines this issue, using data on male and female offenders committed to Middlesex County Jail, Ontario, during the Urban Reform Era (1871–1920). The findings reveal an overall pattern of more severe dispositions for female offenders in the past. At the same time, there is considerable variability in the impact of gender across different measures of sanction severity, various offender and offense attributes, and from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. The study highlights the need for research in this area to be sensitive to the historically specific nature of the relations among gender roles, formal and informal control mechanisms, and criminal sanction

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Information technologies, especially computer‐based recordkeeping and dispatching, when introduced into the police organization, are a material resource and a symbolic statement. Such statements can produce counter‐statements, thus animating a dialectic, a technological drama that alters social fields (Bourdieu, 1977) and centrally features power and control (Burke, 1968). Ethnographic evidence is used to explore, with examples, four symbolic aspects (or meanings) of information technology. It is suggested that the introduction of information technology is an occasion for a socio‐technical drama, or the selective use of messages to convey an impression. The drama is context dependent and plays itself out differentially in the several vertically ordered segments of police organizations. Technology as a symbol can point to one of several referents, each with overt and covert meanings: the regulatory aspects of technology, the modes of adjustment it creates, the reconstitution of technology, and processes of social reintegration. The four are ambivalent clusters that signal positive and negative meanings of “technology” while concealing relevant dissimilarities. These dramas are illustrated and analyzed, and suggestions are made for needed research. Some speculations about the consequences of technological dramas for role change in policing and the place of uncertainty in power relations conclude

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using event history analysis, we examine the recidivism patterns of a sample of 38 corporations charged with one or more serious antitrust violations between 1928 and 1981 to see whether sanction experience decreases the likelihood of a firm's reoffending. Specifically, we analyze the effects of procedure type (e.g., civil, criminal, and administrative redress) and proxy measures of corporate deterrence while controlling for changes in antitrust law and the economic conditions of the firm, industry, and general economy. Though not robust, there is some evidence that past guilty verdicts and changes in penalties for lawbreaking from misdemeanors to felonies inhibit recidivism. We note, however, that industry characteristics are stronger by far in their effects on future illegality than formal sanction risk or consequence. The implications of these findings for organizational deterrence and corporate crime control are discussed.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent arguments in research on individual‐level deterrence suggest that the effect of perceived sanction risk on illegal behavior might occur over a shorter time period than the yearly lags typically incorporated in panel studies. This study raises the same issue for macro‐level deterrence research by suggesting that panel studies using yearly data might have failed to capture the deterrent effect. The analysis uses ARIMA models with data aggregated monthly, quarterly, and semiannually to estimate the reciprocal effects between arrests and crimes for robbery, burglary, larceny, and auto theft in Oklahoma City from 1967 through 1989. No effect of crimes on arrests is found, but significant effects of arrests on crimes appear for three of the four offenses in the shorter temporal aggregations. The results suggest a need to reconsider conclusions based on panel studies that have used time aggregations and time lags that might be too long to uncover deterrent effe

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It has generally been accepted that boys and girls differ in their behavioral and emotional responses to stressful family events. These gender differences could be due to either different family risk factors affecting boys and girls or to boys coping differently in response to the same negative family events. These two alternative hypotheses form the basis of our analysis. Specifically, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we assess whether and how (1) marital discord, (2) marital stability and change, (3) harsh discipline, and (4) maternal deviance impact three different outcomes for males and females: delinquency, alcohol use, and depression. Multivariate analyses reveal that, although females generally display more vulnerabilities to specific dimensions of family life than males, the responses to these risk factors are not constrained to gender‐stereotypic outcome

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research considers the relationship between levels of racial inequality and homicide rates for a sample of 154 U.S. cities. We identfy four causal processes that have been cited in the theoretical literature to explain the link between racial inequality and criminal violence. These diflerent causal explanations imply distinctive relationships between racial inequality and different types of homicide rates disaggregated by the racial characteristics of victims and offenders. Accordingly, we examine the effects of racial inequality on racially disaggregated homicide rates, as well as on total rates. We also introduce factor scales to alleviate the common problem of multicollinearity. Our results reveal significant, positive coefficients for racial inequality in equations predicting total homicide rates and race‐specific offending rates. These results offer greatest support for theoretical arguments emphasizing a generalized effect of racial inequality on the offending behavior of residents of metropolitan communitie

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY