摘要:

This study of convicted white‐collar offenders treats their explanations for involvement in criminal activities. It focuses specifically on the techniques that are used to deny criminality. The strategies used to accomplish this end are detailed. It is suggested that the accounts developed by white‐collar offenders to explain involvement in criminal activities are structured by the mechanics, histories, and organizational formats of offenses and by the requirement that they defeat the conditions of successful degradation ceremonies. In conclusion, some preliminary observations concerning the causes of white‐collar crime are

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Increasing attention to the area of economic crime has raised questions about the abilities of social control agencies to handle this phenomenon effectively. While some research has focused on federal and state enforcement procedures, little is known about how local agencies attempt to deal with this form of crime. This study of a local county economic crime unit utilizes a logit analysis procedure to identify those factors which appear related to the decision to prosecute a case of economic crime. The analysis suggests that cases in which the defendant is an individual, the victim is an organization, and there is more than one victim more frequently result in prosecution. A theoretical framework emphasizing the demand for performance statistics in the face of limited resources is used as a means of explaining the observed pattern in the data.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research examines the deterrent effect of a written legal threat on a group of persons who are known to be receiving an unauthorized premium cable television signal. The experiment attempts to determine (1) the overall violation rate: (2) the extent to which violators direr from a systematic random sample of cable signal customers (according to age, total household income, and gender); and (3) the deterrent effect of the threat of intervention. Additionally, a six‐month follow‐up was conducted to assess the duration of the threat's effect.Overall, two thirds of the subjects (n=67) reacted to the threat; the major reaction to the threat was an attempt to hide the violation. There were some differences found regarding participation in cable crime and deterrence, but none reached a reliable level of statistical significance. Regarding deterrence, the findings that males heeded the threat least and that the youngest and richest also showed low desistance rates after exposure to the threat are consistent with previous research. Regarding participation in cable crime, the youngest and richest seem to be involved more often in the pilfering of signals. The follow‐up revealed that the deterrent effect of the intervention lasted at least six months. The benefits of using experimentation as a general deterrence research strategy are emphasized throu

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recently, much attention has been focused on the structural determinants of variations in crime rates across U.S. cities. Virtually all research in this area has utilized aggregate reported offense rates as the dependent variable. While it provides a good indicator of the total volume of crime, the aggregate crime rate suffers two major disadvantages‐it obscures individual‐ and aggregate‐level effects, and it does not allow testing of criminological theory which specifies differential effects of economic variables (for example, poverty, inequality) on offending rates for various population subgroups (for example, black adults, white adults). The present study addresses these issues by examining the economic determinants of age, race, and crime‐specific offending rates for a sample of the nation's largest cities. The overall results suggest that income inequality has a direct positive effect on black offending rates for serious crime, whereas black poverty has no effect. In contrast, white poverty has positive effects on white violence, while inequality significantly increases white robbery and burglary. The implications of findings for recent theoretical developments of conflict and relative deprivation theory are a

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Victim responses in robbery incidents may constitute individual behavior relevant to the goal of crime control. By regulating crime outcomes it may be possible to reduce the rewards associated with criminal behavior and thereby reduce the likelihood of recurring incidents. Yet, criminal justice professionals often advocate submission to robbers' demands apparently based upon the belief that victims can and ought to exchange property losses in return for escaping physical injury. Analysis of 13‐city National Crime Panel data of 3,679 robbery incidents discloses that victim resistance to execution of robbery is not often associated with serious injury but is linked to preventing the successful execution of the crime. Victims may play a critical role in the control of crime outcomes, and policy prescriptions which entail limiting the range of responses open to victims may be harmful to both the victims and the interest of society in controlling crim

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Aggregate data from a sample of 23 Canadian cities are used to examine relationships among crime rates, police staffing rates, fear of crime, and citizens’crime prevention behaviors. Bivariate and path analyses reveal positive correlations between fear of crime and parallel production (crime prevention behaviors) and negative impacts of police force size on such behaviors. Crime rates have both direct and indirect positive effects (via fear of crime) on parallel production. while police force size does not have any real effect on fear of crim

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines multidisciplinary correlates of delinquency in an attempt to integrate sociological and environmental theories of crime with human developmental and biological explanations of crime. Structural equation models are applied to assess links among biological. psychological, and environmental variables collected prospectively from birth through age 17 on a sample of 800 black children at high risk for learning and behavioral disorders. Results show that for both males and females, aggression and disciplinary problems in school during adolescence are the strongest predictors of repeat offense behavior. Whereas school achievement and family income and stability are also significant predictors of delinquency for males, early physical development is the next strongest predictor for females. Results indicate that some effects on delinquency also vary during different ages. It is suggested that behavioral and learning disorders have both sociological and developmental correlates and that adequate educational resources are necessary to ensure channels of “legitimate opportunities” for high ‐risk y

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although the empirical association of heroin use and income‐generating crime is well established in past research, the magnitude of the association after control of other factors such as legal income is not known. The relationship between the use of cocaine and income‐generating crime has not received adequate attention. Moreover, the explanatory basis for the expensive drug use/income‐generating crime association is not well understood. This article tests the robustness of the heroin use/income‐generating crime relationship and examines the same question for cocaine use. Hypotheses derived from two explanatory perspectives (the compulsion/demand and life‐style models) are tested. Data were collected from more than 3,500 individuals who were interviewed at the time they entered publicly funded drug abuse treatment programs in 1979. Regression analyses show that daily use of heroin and weekly and daily use of cocaine are strongly associated with illegal income. Theoretical interpretation of the findings suggest: (1) the addiction/compulsion explanatory model is an insufficient explanation, (2) the life‐style concept is useful for understanding the expensive drug use/income‐generating crime relationship, and (3) the concept of addiction needs refinement an

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Past or Future Crimes: Deservedness and Dangerousness in the Sentencing of Criminals by Andrew von Hirsch.Confronting Crime: An American Challenge by Elliot Currie.The Great American Crime Myth by Kevin N. Wright. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY