摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *This article addresses the question of whether or not a more adequate measure of self‐reported delinquency applied to a representative national sample would reveal class differences in r l e l i m that have not been found in earlier self‐report studies. The methodological criticisms of earlier self‐report measures are reviewed, a new self‐report measure is described, annual sex‐by‐class‐specific prevalence and incidence rates based on this measure are presented for a national youth panel for the years 1976 through 1980, and the implications of the class findings are discussed. Class differences in both prevalence and incidence are found for serious offenses. For males, class differences are also found in the incidence of nonserious offenses and global delinquency Class differences are more pervasive and stronger when using an incidence as opposed to a prevalence measure. Criticisms of earlier self report measures appear Justified, calling into Question conclusions about the distribution of delinquency in the adolescent population which are based on prim sel

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00256.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *In a recent paper, Cohen and Felson argue that changes in our routine activities since World War 11 have contributed to the increase in predatory crime by creating additional opportunities for it. In particular, they found that a measure of the dispersal of activities away from the home‐the household activity ratio‐has had a significant effect on crime rate trends since 1947. The aim of the present research is twofold: (1) to determine if this relationship occurs across space as well as over time, and (2) to see i f economic inequality may be an intervening variable between the household activity ratio and the crime rate. The sample consists of 93 nonsouthern cities of over 50,000 population in 1960. Data are drawn from the 1970 Census und the U n i f m Crime Reports. Using path analysis, it is determined that the effects of the household activity ratio cm rates of predatory crime are entirely indirect, and are transmitted by income inequal

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00257.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *This article critically examines the prevailing judicial waiver statutes that require juvenile court judges to make individualized determinations as to a youth amenability to treatment and danger to society. It concludes that such decisions cannot be made with an acceptable degree of accuracy using current methods of clinical diagnosis or prediction, and that the broad discretion given judges in making transfer decisions results in inconsistent and discriminatory applications that undermine the fairness and predictability of the process. In light of the expanding research on the development of delinquent careers, it contends that a legislative redefinition of juvenile court jurisdiction that automatically excludes certain youths from the juvenile court on the basis of their present offenses and past records not only identifies more accurately those youth who should be prosecuted as adults, but also increases the fairness, rationality, and predictability of the adulthood determination. It suggests that an application of “just deserts” principles to the juvenile court waiver decision could have salutary consequences for youths, the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and social cont

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00258.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *This study assesses the impact of selected deprivation and importation variables on inmate violence in four juvenile correctional institutions. While both sets of variables were shown to exert independent effects on inmate aggression, variations in the institutional context mediated the impact of inmate characteristics on levels of p r i s m violence. Preinstitutional violence emerged as the best predictor of inmate aggression, regardless of institutional setting. Race was shown to affect inmate violence directly m l y in the most treatment‐oriented facility, while the inmate code was found to exert effects only in the most custodial institutio

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00259.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *The empirical evidence on the determinants of sentencing outcomes has been increasingly utilized in debates on the nature of sentencing. Often the characterization of the impact of a variable as “appropriate” or “inappropriate” is controversial, and consequently there is wide disagreement as to the meaning of disparity. This article presents a method of clarifying this debate by developing aggregate measures of disparity. The value of such aggregate measures is illustrated using data from California. The exemplary models suggest that, given relevant data sets, it is possible to develop viable measures of disparity and that an estimation of the extent of disparity is highly dependent on normative beliefs about di

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00260.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *Depression is a widely noted reaction among persons confronted with dramatic life changes. Those released from total institutions (mental patients, prisoners of war, hostages, ex‐convicts) are especially susceptible to these symptoms. A model, based on extensive field experience and a broad review of literature, is first presented. Data from a cohort of persons released from prison, gathered at three points in time during the first year following release, are then discussed. The results suggest: (1) support for Irwin's model of “reentry,” (2) that depression may accompany positive as well as negative life events, and (3) the importance of “bridging networks” in modifying the intensity of depressive

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT* * *This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structural density and rates of robbery and assault victimization. A theoretical framework linking defensible‐space theory with an opportunity model of predatory criminal victimization suggests that structural density has a positive relationship with victimization, independent of victim characteristics. This perspective is compared to recent empirical and theoretical works that argue that denisty has either no relationship or an inverse relationship to crime. Hypotheses are tested with National Crime Survey victimization data for the years 1973 to 1978. The results support the major hypothesis and s h that structural density is positively related to rates of robbery and assault victimization, controlling for age, race, and sex of victim, and for extent of urbanization. Surprisingly, the positive relationship between structural density and victimization is stronger in rural areas than in urban area

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY