摘要:

Thenew penologyargues that an important new language of penology is emerging. This new language, which has its counterparts in other areas of the law as well, shifts focus away from the traditional concerns of the criminal law and criminology, which have focused on the individual, and redirects it to actuarial consideration of aggregates. This shift has a number of important implications: It facilitates development of a vision or model of a new type of criminal process that embraces increased reliance on imprisonment and that merges concerns for surveillance and custody, that shifts away from a concern with punishing individuals to managing aggregates of dangerous groups, and that affects the training and practice of criminologists.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper tests Agnew's (1992) general strain theory (GST) of crime and delinquency. GST argues that strain occurs when others (1) prevent or threaten to prevent you from achieving positively valued goals, (2) remove or threaten to remove positively valued stimuli that you possess, or (3) present or threaten to present you with noxious or negatively valued stimuli. The impact of such strain on delinquency is said to be conditioned by several variables, such as association with delinquent peers and self‐efficacy. Data from a sample of 1,380 New Jersey adolescents provide qualified support for the theory; strain measures of the type described above have a relatively substantial effect on delinquency and drug use. Further, the effect of these strain measures is conditioned by delinquent peers and self‐efficacy, as predicted by

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper assesses the need for and focus of developmental theories of crime by analyzing three questions: (1) whether age of onset of criminal behavior has a causal impact on subsequent behavior, (2) whether the determinants of onset vary, at least in part, with age, and (3) whether the determinants of onset and continuation of offending differ in some respects. The inverse association between age of onset and persistence of offending is found to be entirely attributable to time‐stable individual differences and, thus, is not attributable to a causal linkage. However, evidence is found of the covariates of onset changing with age and differences in the covariates of onset and of the continuation of offendin

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Criminologists continue to debate fundamental issues about the nature of their work. Some of the issues were built into the field by the criminal anthropologists who founded it a century ago. By examining the work of major American criminal anthropologists—a nearly forgotten group—one can identify the origins of three enduring problems: criminology's difficulties in (1) establishing its disciplinary boundaries; (2) defining its methods: and (3) deciding whether its primary goal is crime control or the production of knowledge with no immediate use‐value. The study of criminology's roots in criminal anthropology cannot settle these debates, but it can put them in historical perspective and clarify their subs

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The question of punishment of white‐collar criminals is addressed in this paper through an examination of sanctions imposed on health care providers convicted of defrauding California's Medicaid “Medi‐Cal” system. Quantitative data were collected from Medi‐Cal case files and, for comparative purposes, from a statewide data base maintained by the California Bureau of Criminal Statistics for grand theft arrestees. Qualitative data comprising interviews with Medi‐Cal enforcement personnel supplement the analysis. The analysis of criminal sanctions reveals greater leniency in the punishment of Medi‐Cal offenders than in the punishment of similarly charged non‐white‐collar offenders. The findings are related to recent debates regarding the severity of punishment for white

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research on the perceived certainty of punishment indicates that individuals with experience in committing crimes perceive arrest as less certain than do those without such experience. Studies assessing the influence of experiencing formal sanctions on perceptions of risk have produced mixed results. Most studies however, have not considered the experience of sanctions in conjunction with the frequency of criminal behavior. With a sample of 1,046 incarcerated felons, we examined relationships among perceived risk of arrest, arrest history, and frequency of committing crimes. Our findings suggest that it is important to measure the ratio of arrests to crimes and that perceptions of risk are formed in a manner consistent with a rational choice perspective, even in a sample of serious offenders.

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This investigation used the statistical technique of meta‐analysis to probe the putative association between heredity and crime. The data for this study were 54 effect sizes obtained from 38 family, twin, and adoption studies on crime. In addition to the overall gene‐crime relationship, the potential moderating effects of gender, sample nationality, date of publication, and quality of the research design were also investigated. It was predicted that heredity and crime would not coincide, although subsequent analyses disclosed a low‐moderate correlation between these two variables (mean unweighted phi coefficient = .25; mean weighted phi coefficient = .09). Further analysis of these data revealed that better designed and more recently published studies provided less support for the gene‐crime hypothesis than more poorly designed and earlier published investigations. The individual strengths and weaknesses of the meta‐analytic technique relative to this effort to achieve insight into the gene‐crime relationship ar

ISSN:0011-1384    

DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY