ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn overview of the organization of adenylte cyclase systems and various sites for regulation is presented. These components are discussed with respect to the activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin. Evidence for direct activation of adenylate cyclase as well as potentiation of hormone‐activated adenylate cyclase by forskolin is reviewed, as these data relate to the possible site(s) of action of forskolin. Studies of the action of forskolin in different systems and interaction studies with different regulators of adenylate cyclase have yielded valuable information about the regulation of adenylate cyclase and the relationship of its various components. A better understanding of these relationships may reveal new therapeutic potential for forskoli

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe term glaucoma applies to a group of diseases in which an elevated pressure in the eye causes optic nerve damage resulting in visual loss. Current medical and surgical treatment of glaucoma is designed to lower intraocular pressure to a level at which no further optic nerve damage occurs. This review serves to describe the following aspects of glaucoma and its treatment: aqueous humor dynamics and elevation of intraocular pressure; the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve damage; the nature of visual loss from glaucoma; the modern medical management of glaucoma; and a discussion of a new drug, forskolin, with potential for clinical use in the treatment of glaucoma.

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOf the five million known diabetics in the United States, 5,000 become blind each year because of diabetic retinopathy. While the pathologic changes in the retina are well defined, the pathogenetic and pathophysiologic factors are not clear, and therapeutic approaches are empirical. The disease may be classified clinically and pathologically into four stages:(1) preretinopathy, characterized by disruption of the blood‐retinal barrier; (2) background retinopathy, exhibiting typical microangiopathic changes; (3) diabetic macular edema, resulting in gradual loss of central vision; (4) proliferative retinopathy, ending in retinal detachment and blindness. Many associated pathophysiologic factors have been described, but thecriticalpathogenetic mechanisms have not been established. The contributing factors include: (1) hyperglycemia and insulin control; (2) disruption of the blood‐retinal barrier; (3) retinal microangiopathy, including changes of pericyte and endothelial cell basement membrane; (4) formation of microaneurysms; (5) systemic diseases, including hypertension, blood alteration, hormonal changes, and genetic abnormalities; (6) ocular disorders such as optic atrophy, alteration in intraocular pressure, and eye surgery; and (7) retinal and vitreal neovascularization. A number of therapeutic approaches are being actively tested. Treatment with panretinal photocoagulation has been helpful to some patients, and the control of contributing systemic factors may delay progression of the disease. Vitrectomy with or without endoscopic panretinal photocoagulation has been useful in some advanced cases. Pituitary ablation has been effective for treatment of severe diabetic retinopathy, but severe complications have forced its abandonment. Aldose reductase inhibitors and other medications are currently being tes

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches currently in use for inflammation of the external eye are discussed in detail. The general principles of inflammation are explained in detail as well as their specific application to the external ocular tissues.

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew ophthalmic drug delivery systems are curently receiving increased attention, in part because of the expected emergence of new drugs with short biological half‐lives whose usefulness may depend on a more continuous drug supply than eyedrops can provide, but also because of the potential of some delivery systems to reduce the side effects of the more potent drugs recently introduced or presently under investigation. Some ophthalmic delivery systems extend the duration of drug action by enhancement of corneal absorption; these systems include soluble gels and emulsions, hydrophilic ocular inserts, ion‐pair associations, prodrugs, and liposomes. Since these systems enhance the “pulse entry” of the drug, they are limited to use with drugs whose dose‐related side effects are not serious. Other delivery systems provide for a controlled release of drugs and therefore minimize the pulse entry with which side effects are associated. They can be based on any of several different mechanisms and include both erodible and nonerodible matrices. The various delivery systems that have recently been developed and those that are currently known to be under investigation are described in this paper, along with some observations regarding the future outlook of ophthalmic drug deliver

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430060301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY