ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe main function of the epidermis is to generate an impermeable outer layer, the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum can be considered morphologically and functionally to represent a two‐compartment system composed of: (1) anucleate corneocytes (the bricks), largely composed of fibrous protein networks; and (2) the intercellular matrix (the mortar), predominantly composed of neutral lipid. Whereas much prior and current work on the stratum corneum has focused on the protein biochemistry leading to the formation of the keratinized corneocyte (“keratinization”), this paper is concerned with the formation, composition, and function of the intercellular matrix of the stratum corneum. For those interested in permeability barrier function, percutaneous transport, and the cutaneous reservoir, as well as most inherited disorders of cornification, it is critical to understand the “mortar,” for it is this domain that logically regulates all of these important

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractConcepts of the function of skin have changed in the last decade from that of a barrier against microbiologic and chemical invasion to include its important role in immunity. This transition began with the recognition that skin could serve as a sensitive target of immunologic injury, typified by diseases such as lupus erythematosus and cutaneous vasculitis. Recently, a more complicated picture has emerged as investigators have established a role for skin in the initiation and regulation of immune responsiveness. Considerable effort in this area has focused on Langerhans cells and Thy‐1+dendritic epidermal cells, both of which reside as bone marrow‐derived immigrants in normal epidermis. Not only do these cells contribute to immune processes in skin, but their function, in turn, is modified by the keratinocytes that surround them. More importantly, pharmacologic and physical manipulation of one cell or one structure in skin often has impact on its neighbors. This phenomenon may be documented by the wide‐reaching cutaneous effects of ultraviolet radiation, bone marrow transplantation, and drugs such as cyclosporine. Our changing concepts of the function of skin also create for us a model for the current evolution in science; our problem and our fortune lie in the mutual interdependence of cells, tissues, systems, and discip

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically recurrent cutaneous inflammatory disease which may affect up to 10% of the population. The condition is part of the atopic triad which also includes asthma and allergic rhinitis. These diseases have strong hereditary patterns but the genetics is unclear. AD is characterized by a variety of immunologic and pharmacologic abnormalities, and evidence from transplant studies indicates that the basic abnormality is expressed in bone marrow cells. Defects such as increased basophil histamine release and high spontaneous IgE production by B lymphocytes imply defective cellular regulation. Abnormalities of cyclic nucleotide metabolism have been demonstrated in AD, and elevated cAMP‐phosphodiesterase (PDE) with resultant low intracellular cAMP levels may have a net permissive effect on immune and inflammatory responses. Biochemical characterization studies of abnormal PDE in mononuclear leukocytes from patients with AD have demonstrated two distinctly abnormal cytosolic fractions of PDE activity. These probably represent different enzyme forms in monocytes and lymphocytes; the consequent dysregulation of these immunologically important cells may explain many of the immune abnormalities associated with AD, and may provide a much needed biochemical marker for epidemiologic, genetic and clinical studie

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe skin lesions in psoriasis are characterized by epidermal thickening (acanthosis), by a sustained inflammatory reaction that is evident in the dermis and epidermis, by altered epidermal differentiation (histologically characterized by para‐ and hyperkeratosis), and by the absence of granular layer. The development of future pharmacological agents for psoriasis, therefore, must recognize these various aspects of the disease activities. Chemical agents that are targeted toward only one aspect of the disease are unlikely to be totally beneficial. Although in its infancy, the possibility of therapeutic management via dietary manipulation by varying ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from vegetable and marine oils is promising. Furthermore, the possible beneficial effect of the dihydroxy metabolite of vitamin D3(1α,25(OH)2D3), a naturally occurring substance, in the management of psoriasis is exciting and deserves to be fully explored. It is likely that this naturally occurring vitamin D3metabolite may function to modulate keratinocyte differentiati

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPsoriasis is a common skin disease characterized by scaling erythematous skin plaques, which in severe cases can cover the entire skin. It affects about 2% of the population of the USA. The etiology is unknown, but the diseased skin shows a benign epidermal hyperplasia and abnormal differentiation plus dermal inflammation. There is no reproducible naturally occurring animal model for psoriasis. As a result, a variety of simulated animal models have been produced that possess some of the characteristic features, e.g., epidermal hyperplasia. These have been used to study epidermal kinetics and biochemical abnormalities associated with epidermal hyperplasia. Some of these models have also been used to study and screen for potentially effective and antipsoriatic drugs. There will always be, however, the need to study effects of new agents in carefully conducted studies on psoriasis patients to confirm efficacy.

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAcne, the most prevalent disease of the skin, is a multifactorial follicular disorder in which androgens and microbiology are essential for the occurrence of the pathogenic events that characterize it. The role of the androgen is to stimulate the development and secretory activity of the sebaceous gland, which performs several important actions in the etiopathogenesis of acne. The anaerobic diphtheroidPropionibacterium acnes, a resident organism in acne‐susceptible follicles, is directly responsible for much of the inflammation in acne. This review deals with a description of these events and the therapeutic modalities that have been developed in an attempt to counteract the

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is currently a high level of interest in using the skin as a route for delivering drugs. One hears the questions: What are the attributes of a drug that make it a serious candidate for transdermal delivery? By what a priori analysis might one zero in on the best transdermal candidate within a family of drugs? Answers to these questions lie in understanding the molecular factors that make a drug a facile permeant of the skin. Among other properties, it must have a high absolute affinity for the skin's phases, which provide for its diffusive conduction. Other factors in evaluation are the potency of the drug and the relative efficiency of the drug's systemic presentation once it has gained access to the body. One also considers the potential for the drug to elicit adverse responses in the skin. Fortunately, parallels between the drug's ability to partition between oil and water and its ease of mass transfer across the skin can be used to ferret out a working mass transfer coefficient. If not already known, solubilities are easily experimentally deduced. The extent of first‐pass metabolism by the oral route, presumed to be a known quantity, is compared with the relative amount of metabolism of the drug in the course of its diffsion through the skin, an experimentally determined quantity, in order to set the transdermal dose. These bits of information can then be used to form an early, reasonably faithful picture of the feasibility of delivering a particular drug transdermally and to make a first estimate of the size of patch required for the dru

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0272-4391    

DOI:10.1002/ddr.430130201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY