1. |
An Experiment in the Marking of an Examination |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 285-303
D. V. Lindley,
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摘要:
SummaryThis paper describes the design, analysis and detailed results of an experiment in the marking of an examination paper in French by a team of examiners. The design was essentially a balanced incomplete block with a cross‐classification, and the analysis is a minor modification of the usual intra‐block analysis of such a design with the additional calculation of some standard errors, estimates of individual examiner variances and standard marks. The bivariate normal distribution is used to estimate the effect of discrepancies in the marking. Comparison is made with similar experiments in Arithmetic and Physics. It is suggested that such experiments can be of value in the routine work of large examining bodies. An attempt has been made to make the paper comprehensible to educationalists not well versed in statistical terminology: the mathematical details are confined to Section 6.In order that the paper be of reasonable length, and because there are facilities for a discussion, I have confined myself merely to reporting, as a statistician, on the experiment. I have not attempted to discuss the educational significance of the results because I do not feel myself competent to do so. These are also the reasons for lack of references to other educational experiments which, so far as I am aware, are statistically not of this type. My main concern has been to demonstrate what results can be obtained from this type of experiment.
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343240
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
Discussion on Professor Lindley's Paper |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 303-313
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ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.1111/j.2397-2327.1961.tb00805.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
The Intercorrelations between the Nutrients Consumed by a Group of Families in the Netherlands |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 314-335
E. F. Drion,
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摘要:
SummaryIn this paper the food consumption of 3,084 Dutch families is analysed. The analysis is based on the data collected in a budget survey of the Central Bureau of Statistics in 1951. In this survey the quantities of each kind of food bought in the first quarter of 1951 were entered in a household book. The quantities per family were converted into quantities of calories and thirteen important nutrients; these quantities were expressed as a percentage of the recommended daily allowances, taking into account the sex and age of every member of the family. This percentage is called the reduced consumption.An analysis is then made of the relationship between reduced consumption and family‐size.For each family‐size the correlation matrix of all fourteen nutrients (calling calories also a nutrient) is calculated. These matrices are in the main similar. On each matrix a principal‐component analysis is performed. The first four latent vectors for family‐size 2 to 6 show a great similarity, as do the eigenvalues; the latent vectors for family‐size 7 and over are somewhat divergent, especially the third and fourth. These four vectors account for more than 80 per cent. of the total variance. An analysis of the factor loadings shows that the latent vectors may be equated to four statistically independent basic elements of food choice: (1) level of total consumption, (2) relative importance of animalversusvegetable protein, (3) quantity of fruits and vegetables (other than potatoes) consumed, (4) quantity of butter and margarine consumed.For each family these four basic elements of food choice are calculated. The influence of family‐size, income, occupation and province of domicile on these elements is analysed.
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343241
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
Diets of Bank Clerks Development of a Method of Classifying the Diets of Individuals for Use in Epidemiological Studies |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 336-361
J. A. Heady,
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摘要:
SummaryA short‐cut method of classifying diets of thousands of middle‐aged men is needed for a follow‐up study of the importance of various factors, including the diet, in the development of clinical coronary heart disease. Bank clerks were chosen as subjects for the study and the week's weighed survey, in which a man weighs his food for a week, was chosen as a standard of comparison for the short method. One hundred and eighteen bank officers aged 40–55 in Brighton and Southend weighed their food for a week in this preliminary study of method.Means and ranges for caloric intake and for the consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fat and subdivisions of fat are given. Forty‐eight of these men weighed their food for a second week and showed considerable stability from week to week in important aspects of their diet. There was no significant variation according to the day of the week in calories, the nutrients and most foods, and consumption on Sunday, Monday and Tuesday gave a good estimate of the consumption in the whole week.Thedescriptionsin the week's weighed record were used to develop “scores” for a number of key foods. Thesescores, based only on frequencies of consumption of the particular foods taken in different ways, correlate highly with theweightsof the foods concerned.Nutrientscores, built up from thefoodscores, were then compared with the weights of the relevant nutrients. Scores for the nutrients “animal fat” and “vegetable and marine fat” are described which distinguish, with prescribed reliability, those men who eat much of the nutrient concerned from those who eat little of it. The scoring systems were developed for one group of bankers and tested on an independent group. Such a scoring system, it is suggested, used on menu‐type records sent through the post, would constitute a real short‐cut.
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343242
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
Discussion on the Papers by Dr Drion and Mr Heady |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 361-371
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ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.1111/j.2397-2327.1961.tb00808.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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6. |
Sequential Analysis: A Survey |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 372-411
N. L. Johnson,
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摘要:
Summary“Sequential Analysis” is taken to include all those investigational procedures in which the final pattern of observations is not determined before the start of the investigation, but depends, in some specified way, on the data collected in the course of the investigation. The development of sequential methods has been much stimulated by the sequential probability ratio test introduced by Abraham Wald, and discussion of procedures based on this test occupies the major part of this survey (Section 3). Sequential estimation is also discussed (Section 5). Other techniques described include the stochastic approximation method of Robbins and Monro (Section 7); the “up‐and‐down” method of Dixon and Mood for quantal response problems (Section 7); Stein's two‐sample procedure (Section 6); and inverse sampling (Section 8). Although the main purpose of the survey is to give a fairly simple guide to the techniques available for practical application, there is also a brief discussion of the position of sequential analysis from the viewpoint of general statistical theory (Section 9).
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343243
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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7. |
A Technique for Estimating a Contingency Table, Given the Marginal Totals and Some Supplementary Data |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 412-420
D. Friedlander,
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摘要:
SummaryThe problem considered is that of estimating the cell frequencies in a contingency table, given the marginal totals and some information about the internal structure of the table. A technique used by the General Register Office of England and Wales is examined from a theoretical point of view, and the relationship between this method and other methods proposed by Deming and Stephan is discussed.
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343244
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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8. |
Statistical Victoriana |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 421-427
A. R. Ilersic,
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摘要:
SummaryThe difficulties of collecting statistical data from some sections of the business community and their widespread indifference towards published economic statistics are a commonplace these days. The minutes of the annual meetings of the Association of Chambers of Commerce between 1860 and 1910 reveal a rather different attitude on the part of Victorian business men to the collection and publication of official trade and industrial statistics.
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343245
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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9. |
Wholesale Prices in 1960 |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 428-434
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ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343246
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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10. |
Modern Probability Theory and its Applications |
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Journal of the Statistical Society of London,
Volume 124,
Issue 3,
2018,
Page 435-436
D. M. G. Wishart,
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摘要:
1. Modern Probability Theory and its Applications. By Emanuel Parzen. New York, Wiley; London, Chapman&Hall; 1960. xv, 464 p. 9″. 86s.
ISSN:0959-5341
DOI:10.2307/2343247
出版商:Wiley
年代:2018
数据来源: WILEY
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