摘要:

This article makes a comprehensive survey of the concept of fish and wildlife mitigation, with emphasis placed upon its utility as a tool in estuarine management. Initial portions deal with the establishment of a framework which serves as a standard upon which to evaluate the conceptual integrity of potential mitigation efforts. Latter portions apply this conceptual framework to a series of alternative approaches to estuarine mitigation and to policy now emerging within the federal regulatory regime. Conclusions are reached concerning the viability of these approaches and of emerging policy. A major conclusion of the paper is that the lack of formal mitigation policy, which has characterized the federal regulatory process, has given estuarine mitigation an often deserved reputation as a cumbersome and arbitrary regulatory burden. Applied as a positive management strategy, mitigation can be a powerful tool; however, development of a conceptually sound policy foundation is a prerequisite of superlative importance. This paper addresses many of the problems involved in developing and implementing such policy.1

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361909

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A method is suggested for beginning identification of coastal amenities and noneconomic values, which are often assumed to be too vague and highly individualized for explicit consideration in coastal zone planning and management decisions. Through an examination of selected works—primarily naturalists’ essays and some poetry and fiction—several recurring perceptions of coastal qualities and values emerged. A framework of six dominant themes (the senses of life and continuing creation, time and timelessness, space and distance, imperviousness to man and man's actions, energy and conflict, and mystery and spirituality) as well as the concepts comprising and linking these themes is discussed and supported by quotations from the literature studied.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361910

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An essential aspect of economic analysis associated with planning efforts is identifying the composition of existing economic activity and understanding historical trends in economic change. The shift‐share model is a useful and inexpensive tool for this purpose. Shift‐share analysis evaluates changes in local economic activities relative to changes in a reference area (usually the state or nation). Economic change is separated into a reference area component, an industry mix component, and a local share component. These measure, respectively, the effect on the local economy due to changes in the reference area, factors specific to the local mix of industries, and the changing competitive position of the local area relative to the reference area.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361911

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Controversy has long surrounded efforts to develop and provide access to False Cape State Park on southeastern Virginia's Outer Banks. Virginia's State Division of Parks wants to open up the area for greater recreational use, while the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which controls the principal means of access, seeks to preserve the area in its natural state.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361912

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Section 312 of the Clean Waters Act was implemented in 1980 and requires all vessels including recreational boats already equipped with Marine Heads (toilets) to install one of three types of USCG approved Marine Sanitation Devices. These regulations govern all lakes and coastal waters extending to the end of the U.S. territorial sea and is intended to prevent untreated effluent from reaching the marine environment. As provisions of the Clean Water Act are exempt from provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act, no Environmental Impact Statement was written concerning the impacts to the marine environment and the cost to the boating public. The study based on a small survey conducted on Narragansett Bay during the summer of 1980 develops several empirical models to estimate the total costs of MSD conversions. These estimates assume that all recreational boats longer than 21 feet were to comply with Section 312 regulations. Biological Oxygen Demand generated waste by both the resident and visiting fleets have also been estimated and costs per lbs. of BOD equivalent made. Based on these estimates the quantity of waste prevented from entering the receiving waters equals that of a community with less than 700 people. The capital investments of on‐board treatment approximates 30 ¢/gallon, nearly 1000 times the cost of treating municipal waste.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361913

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this article is to describe a program of agricultural land preservation in Carlsbad, California. This program focuses on agricultural subsidies and has been adopted and certified by the California State Coastal Commission and is scheduled for implementation on January 1, 1982.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361914

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

With the future of the Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP) in question and with oil and gas leasing and drilling activities in the Gulf of Mexico expected to increase, the question arises as to how energy impacts are to be mitigated. It is concluded that CEIP has helped to mitigate coastal energy impacts. If it is left unfunded, an alternative would be to provide Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) royalties to states to be used for impact prevention and mitigation.

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361915

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0090-8339    

DOI:10.1080/08920758209361908

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor