ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030302

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExtraction methodologies were developed for tetra‐alkyllead and ionic alkyllead compounds in seafood. Tetra‐alkylleads were extracted with n‐hexane after the samples had been enzymatically hydrolyzed. The ionic alkylleads were complexed with diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone) at pH 8 and 9 from enzymatically hydrolyzed samples to optimize recovery. The dithizone extracts were butylated prior to analysis by gas chromatography–atomic absorption spectrometry (GC AA). Instrumental detection limits ranged between 1.6 and 2.3 pg lead. Application to a limited number of seafood samples indicated the possible presence of trace amounts (ca1 ng g−1) of trimethyllead in some samples. No other alkylleads were

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030303

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe first syntheses of organogallium compounds utilizing metallic gallium and alkyl halides (bromides and iodides) are presented. Metal‐vapor synthesis methods were used, and it is proposed that gallium atoms are the reactive species involved.Gallium also reacted with alkyl halides as fine particles in slurry form, but only when deposited in, or co‐deposited with, alkylaluminum compounds. Rationale for this finding is based on irregularity of the clusters due to incorporation of aluminum (or its compounds) and probably also on smaller particle si

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030304

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpindle‐inhibiting effects of chemical compounds may be studied indirectly by quantitation of chromosomal contraction. The effects of the trimethyltin (TMT), dimethyltin (DMT), tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), triphenyltin (TPhT) and diphenyltin (DPht) moieties as the chloride on chromosomal contraction was studied by measurement of the average length of chromosome No. 1 from asynchronous cultures of human peripheral lymphocytes. TMT, TBT, TPhT and DPhT appear to be very strong inducers of chromosomal supercontraction, indicating that these compounds conceivably are spindle inhibitors, whilst DMT and DBT seem to be ineffective. The different effects of aryl versus alkyl and trivalent versus divalent organic substituents of tin on chromosome length may relate to different modes of actio

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030305

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeventeen triorganotin(IV) compounds, with the general formula R3SnX, containing symmetrical and unsymmetrical combinations of alkyl and aryl groups on tin and with a wide variation in the non‐carbon‐bonded anionic (X) residues, were examined along with three formally pentacoordinated adducts of triaryltin chlorides with triphenylphosphine oxide for their antifungal activity against nine plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi. Thein vitrotests included inhibitory studies on radial growth, mycelial growth, spore germination, and germ tube elongation. A significant finding was the dependence of fungitoxicity on the nature of the X group in both the tributyltin and triaryltin series, in contrast to earlier published reports on the negligible influence of the X groups on overall toxicity relative to the R group. This suggests that the X group is significantly involved in transporting the biocide to the reactive sites, and that the X group which tends to confer increased solubility to the triorganotin compound gives rise to increased activity.In studies of R group variations, tri‐iso‐butyltin bromide was found to be much less fungitoxic than tri‐n‐butyltin compounds, a result which is reconcilable in terms of increased steric encumbrance at the tin site in the former case. The steric factor is also implicated in the reduced activities observed for tris(p‐tolyl)tin and tris(p‐chlorophenyl)tin compounds relative to (Ph3SnX) towards most of the fungi screened in this study. In general, it was also noted that the triaryltins were more selective in their antifungal action than the trialkyltins, which exhibited broad spectral activity when applied at the concentration leve

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030306

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral triorganotin(IV) compounds and Terrazole® 35 WP were screened for theirin vitroantifungal activity against three isolates ofPhytophthora palmivora.Two isolates (isolates Phy. 2 and Phy. 334) were obtained from black pepper (Piper nigrumL.) and one isolate (isolate Phy. 56) from cocoa leaves (Cacao theobromae). ED50values for radial growth of the isolates ranged from 0.09 to 1,700 μg cm−3for the triorganotin(IV) compounds and from 3.46 to 1 227 000 μg cm−3for Terrazole®. Diphenylbutyltin bromide exhibited the highest antifungal activity against the three isolates ofP. palmivorawith ED50values ranging from 0.30 to 0.73 μg cm−3.Diphenylbutyltin bromide was equally effective against a freshly isolated virulent culture ofP. palmivora(isolate Phy. 346) from black pepper leaves in Sarawak, East Malaysia, yielding an ED50value for radial growth of 0.87 μg cm−3and a probit‐log concentration regression line slope value of 1.04.In vitroefficacy of diphenylbutyltin bromide against isolate Phy. 346 using detached healthy pepper leaves showed 40–75% infection of leaves at 100 μg cm−3and no infection at 500 μg cm−3. Diphenylbutyltin bromide at 100 μg cm−3, however, inhibited the diameter of lesion by 43.3–73.7% compared with the untreated controls. Black pepper leaves treated with Terrazole® at 778 μg cm−3exhibited 5.3–33.3% inhibition of lesion diameter compared with the untreated controls, where 90–100% of the leaves were infected. Concentrations of diphenylbutyltin bromide of 1000–2500 μg cm−3caused some injury lesions on the leaves. From the results obtained, it appears that diphenylbutyltin bromide could be used as a protective spray or drench againstP. palmivorainf

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030307

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBis(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide can be biodegraded by a mixed bacterial culture from activated sludge in cyclone fermentors under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with half‐lives of five and three days respectively. The degradation follows a sequential dealkylation process. All the intermediates and end products are determined in the degradation process for mass balance calculation. Degradation under different nutrient conditions has been investigated. Adsorption losses for each of the butyltin and inorganic tin species on container walls have also been assessed and disc

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030308

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn intercalibration exercise between 13 laboratories from seven countries was conducted for comparing the methylmercury measurement techniques for marine biological tissues. Analyses have been conducted on two sets of samples: a fish muscle and a mussel soft tissue. Most of the participating laboratories performed six replicate analyses, allowing statistical comparisons. Various analytical techniques have been used, including cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CVAA), electron capture gas liquid chromatography (GCEC), neutron activation (NAA), and inductively coupled plasma–isotopic dilution mass spectrometry (ICPIDMS). All of these methods offer similar results. They allow us to define consensus values which seem good estimates of the real concentrations. In addition the results show, for most of the participating laboratories, good accuracy and precision in the determinatio

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030309

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo independent speciation methods have been applied to the determination of tributyltin (TBT) in marine sediments: (1) acetic acid leaching/hydride generation/cold trapping/GC/quartz furnace AA; and (2) toluene–tropolone extraction/HPLC/GFAA. TBT determines in a typically moderately polluted sediment (Porto Vecchio Bay, Corsica, France) are in very good agreement, as also are the determination of total recoverable tin by the first method and by a direct one using strong acid leaching followed by GFAA. These cross‐verifications lead one to conclude that both speciation methods are convenient and allow for valid determination of TBT in marine sediments, with no loss of TBT. Method‐induced modification of tin speciation has not been obs

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030310

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe acute toxicity of methylarsonic acid, CH3AsO(OH)2(MAA), dimethylarsininc acid, (CH3)2AsO(OH) (DMAA), and trimethylarsine oxide, (CH3)3AsO (TMAO), were examined in mice with oral administration.The LD50values of MAA, DMAA and TMAO were 1.8, 1.2 and 10.6 g kg−1respectively. The toxicity of MAA and DMAA was very much lower than that for inorganic arsenic compounds. It was shown that TMAO has a similar acute toxicity to arsenobetaine. On the other hand, when the mice were administered 14.4 g kg−1of TMAO once only orally, a garlic‐like odor (trimethylarsine, (CH3)3As) was definitely detectable in the exhalation of the animals by the human olfactory sense within about a few mi

ISSN:0268-2605    

DOI:10.1002/aoc.590030311

出版商:Longman Group UK Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY