摘要:

AbstractIn recent year, increased attention, linked to the use of new structural design criteria and materials, has been given to maintaining the integrity of buildings and structures exposed to fire. Structures are now designed using lighter structural shapes and consequently differ from earlier, more traditional buildings, in terms of their resistance to the effects of the high temperature of fire. Contemporary structures are less expensive. Advance in building construction technology also result in faster erection.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060202

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOwing to their low cost phosphorus fire‐retardants find vast application in making fire‐retardant cellulosic compostions. They have been used both as a physical additive as well as part of the polymer structure. Acid forming phosphorus compounds are generally effective in cotton and other cellulosic. Acidic retardants produce char via a dehydration process and this brings about the final fire‐retardancy in phosphate‐containing composition. High efficiency of phosphorus fire retardants in polyurethane foam has also been suggested to be the result of stable char formation. The char affects the flammability in the three following ways: reduction of flammable fuel, insulation by the char and coating by the non‐volatile thermally stable phosphorous acids which screen the hot carbon from the oxygen. Nitrogen‐phosphorus synergism in cellulose in controversial and evidence indicates that it is non existent

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060203

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe theromo‐oxidative decomposition, flash ignition and burning of high‐impact polystyrene containing the flame‐retardant system decabromodiphenyl oxide + antimony trioxide was investigated using the Setchkin apparatus combined with mass spectrometry. The time dependences of the release rate of the main products into the gas phase during decomposition and burning showed that the flame‐retardants markedly influence these processes. It was found that the retardants used exhibit an acceleration of the polymer degradation and that the efficiency of inhibition in the gas phase depends on the atomic ratio antimony:

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060204

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEstimates of the errors in light extinction measurements of smoke resulting from forward scattered light entering the detector and from the spectral width of the light source are presented. It is shown for specific examples that each of these effects can lead to an error of about 25% in typical applications. A potential method for calibrating extinction instruments is described.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060205

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development, construction, and testing of a gas‐fired radiant heat source for use as part of a fire test method is described. The unit has been shown capable of operation over extended periods at surface temperatures yielding radiance corresponding to that of a black body at 935 °C. This permits a 60% increase of specimen irradiance over that possible with a burner previously used, without modifying the specimen–burner configuration factor. One such application of this burner allows operation with specimen irradiance levels at 5 W cm−2or for short periods at levels approaching 7 W cm−2at higher temperatures. This performance is achieved while maintaining effective spatial separation between specimen and heat source. This assists in avoiding imposition of vitiated air near the surface of a burning specimen. Some performance data are provided on its behavior when supplied with natural gas. The unit can burn propane but only with a significant reduction of therma

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060206

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study of the 1979 UK fire statistics and the Annual Report of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys shows that only 1 death per 1000 is attributable to toxic gases from combustion. However, of the ‘deaths by violence’ it rises to 30 (3%). As 37% of all fires in occupied buildings were confined to the first item ignited and 53% to the area of origin it is postulated that such fires (and the consequent deaths) largely concerned substances which will burn on their own. From experience these are largely materials with limiting oxygen indices below 22 or 22–28 for restricted burning only. Those with limiting oxygen indices>28 cannot on their own sustain combustion. These considerations suggest the mode in which toxic gas tests should be conducted, i.e., horizontally or vertically and vertically only for the first two groups, respectively, and in the presence of a fire sustainer for the limiting oxygen index>28 group. Wood in the form of a wooden crib is suggested as suitable. To this end some experiments are described with PVC placed on top of a No. 5 crib (PSA). These latter show that, making the best assumption possible from the existing data, the wood contributes about 63% to the toxicity and the PVC 37%. On the large scale, other work has shown that wooden cribs alone will give lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide for significant periods. Thus difficult‐to‐burn substances need to evolve gases of exceptional toxicity for their contribution to be worth co

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060207

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn making fire safety decisions the designer often finds that some input variables concerning his problems are chance variables. As detailed statistical data are rarely available the designer must rely largely on his expert judgment. With the application of the Delphi method such decisions can be optimized and formalized. The essence of the Delphi method is described and its use illustrated through an example related to the assessment of fire resistance requirements.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060208

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNBS burned eleven mattresses made up with bedding in two different rooms, typical of a residential bedroom and a nursing home patient room, respectively. Seven of the mattresses flamed and burned vigorously, the other four were of a construction or so heavily flame‐inhibited that they only smoldered. The burning behavior of the seven that flamed was modeled with the Harvard Mark V fire simulation. The experimental burn behavior for tests conducted in one room was well reproduced using only total weight of combustible, surface area and heat of combustion. Smoke production values were found to have little effect on the predicted behavior except for the smoke production itself. Fires in a second room, whose ventilation was intentionally restricted by the configuration of the adjoining space, could not be as well reproduced by the present, single‐room fire model. During this study several changes were made to the simulation. The most significant change was the inclusion of mixing of the hot exiting fire gases with the cold incoming air. As a part of this, the inter‐layer radiation exchange was reformulated to include the effect of smoke contamination of the lower layer. The reformulation of the radiation model has a marked effect on the predicted upper layer gas temperatures, generally improving the quality of the simul

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060209

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060210

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810060211

出版商:Wiley Heyden Ltd.    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY