摘要:

AbstractFourteen mathematical models of post‐flashover compartment fires are classified on the basis of fourteen principal modeling aspects. Expressions are presented for the potential of fire to spread by destruction and convection. The assessment of the fire resistance requirements for the compartment boundaries is discussed and measures to counter the potential of fires to spread by convection are outline

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe conversion of fuel‐N species to NOxin diffusion flames has been studied by adding acetonitrile to the fuel flow for a methane–Oxygen–argon diffusion flame burning in excess oxygen. It is shown that the conversion is significantly lower than that obtained in a ‘corresponding’ pre‐mixed flame, although the observed concentrations of NOxare still much higher than the appropriate thermodynamic equilibrium concentrations. The effect of initial concentration of acetonitrile, flame temperature and amount of excess oxygen on the conversion can all be explained in terms of the basic structure of a diffusion flame. This enables molecular nitrogen to be formed in the reducing atmosphere which exists on the fuel side of the flame through reaction of cyanide radicals with nitric oxide. The latter diffuses back from the oxygen side of the flame where it is formed, but the overall result is that a proportion of the fuel‐N is converted to molecular nitrogen before it can be converted to

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA study of fire deaths in the Glasgow area has been extended to the rest of the United Kingdom in order to assess the applicability of the conclusions reached in the Glasgow study to the whole country. With assistance from pathologists in a number of other areas, 71 cases were included in the study, covering both pathology and toxicology of the deaths where possible. In both the Glasgow and UK studies, most of the fire deaths occurred in dwelling‐house fires. These and other demographic characteristics were in agreement with national fire statistics. The principal features of pathology in this study were burns (79 per cent of cases), respiratory system injury (72 per cent of cases) and soot deposition in the respiratory tract (96 per cent of cases), and these reflected a similar incidence in Glasgow study. Carbon monoxide was considered to be the cause of death in 51 per cent of the deaths in this study and to be implicated in the death of 37 per cent of the other cases (54 per cent and 31 per cent respectively in Glasgow). Cyanide was estimated to be a significant factor in 33 per cent of the deaths in the UK study (24 per cent in Glasgow). Alcoholic intoxication was found to be a significant additional factor in Glasgow but was much less prominent in the other areas of the UK. It concluded that, with the exception of alcohol, the results of the Glasgow study are valid for the UK as a whol

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo models of creep, one proposed by Harmathy1, the other empirical, have been fitted to published measurements of creep in seven steels. The data have been selected so as to cover the range needed for predicting the survival of protected steel or reinforced concrete buildings exposed to fire.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are two major fire processes, an understanding of which is essential for effective fire safety design: (1) the conditions under which a combustible material may become involved in flaming combustion, and (2) the rate at which such a material, once involved, will provide an output of heat, smoke, toxic gases, etc., which can endanger people and property. The first process may be regarded as covering both ignition and spread of fire on materials; its complement is the way in which fire may become extinguished. It is necessary for such processes to bring in a characteristic of the basic combustion reaction which, directly or indirectly, expresses the reactivity of the combustion process. Thus pilot ignition is usually associated with an approximate surface fuel temperature. More basically, it is associated with a critical flow rate of volatiles and a critical heat loss from the flame, the latter being influenced by ambient oxygen and temperatures conditions as well as heat lost and gained by the fuel itself. The most important factor governing the production of dangerous product is the rate at which volatiles first (fuel controlled fires) and later air (air controlled fires) are fed into the flames. The reactivity is of less importance, although it may be one of the factors which control combustion efficiency. In general, the more efficient is the combustion the more heat is produced, but the less smoke and toxic gases are produced. Some of the main advances in the above areas are reviewed in this paper.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reviews the current literature on the behaviour of thermoset polymers under fire conditions. These polymers are important and widely used materials. They are generally infusible and insoluble, and consist, on the molecular scale, of extensive cross‐linked networks rather than discrete macromolecules. Materials in this class include phenol‐formaldehydes, epoxides, cross‐linked polyester, amino resins and polyurethanes. As the use of plastics generally has grown, so there have been changes in the conditions prevailing in modern fires, and such changes are described, together with the potential fire hazards arising from the varying uses of the individual thermosets. Subsequently, literature on the pyrolytic and combustion characteristics of these materials is reviewed in order to assess their probable behaviour in real fires. Finally, existing approaches towards improving their fire behaviour are desc

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810070201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY