摘要:

AbstractA review is given of the possibilities for the use of the Setchkin apparatus combined with mass spectrometry in the investigation of the gaseous products of the thermo‐oxidative decomposition and burning of flame‐retarded polystyrenes, with simultaneous determination of the characteristics of ignition. Information on flame‐retardants in polystyrene, and their effect on the inhibition of burning in the gaseous phase were provided by mass fragmentation analysis of the main components of decomposition and bu

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010402

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA general theory is developed which enables closed‐cup flash‐points of mixtures of flammable and non‐flammable liquids to be predicted from a knowledge of certain properties of a flammability diagram. The theory illustrates, quantitatively, the effect of both the flame inhibiting properties of the vapour of the non‐flammable component and the relative volatility of that component. Experimental results for some mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and dichlorodifluoromethane withn‐hexane,n‐heptane andn‐octane are correlated by the theory. The theory also enables a flammability diagram to be partially constructed from standard flashpoint measurements. Such measurements for then‐hexane/carbon tetrachloride system are in good agreement with a published flamm

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010403

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFlammability testing is largely empirical and consists of many confusions, contradictions and unexplained factors. In order to accomplish reliable fire safety prediction and design, the empirical art of flammability testing has to develop into a quantitative engineering science in which rigorous analyses are made of the various fire phenomena as measured by existing tests. A rudimentary examination of the many existing tests shows that only a few of them measure some property of the material(s)‐fire interaction which will be sufficiently meaningful or useful to develop a scalable hazard rating system. In this paper we examine the meaning of the word 'flammability' to distinguish between the material's response to fire exposure and its contribution to the fire. The functional components of a versatile flammability hazard index are demonstrated to account for the properties of materials, of fire and—of great importance—of use and of human interaction. The promise of modeling techniques to establish these component functions is examined and the directions which future work should take to resolve the questions of fire safety are indi

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010404

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA decrease in respiratory rate in mice during exposure to irritating airborne chemicals has been utilized as a response parameter to characterize the degree of upper respiratory tract irritation (sensory irritation) to the thermal decomposition products of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). The plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) was placed in a low mass vertical furnace and thermally decomposed in an air atmosphere at a programmed heating rate of 20°C min−1. The thermogravimetric study of the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) demonstrated that two distinct weight loss fractions occurred during the decomposition process. Groups of four male swiss‐webster mice were exposed to the thermal decomposition products of the first weight loss fraction in the range 0.03–0.77 mg l−1and to the second weight loss fraction in the range 0.03–0.38 mg l−1. Dose‐response curves were plotted by utilizing the maximum percent decrease in respiratory rate during each exposure as the response parameter. Comparison of these curves to a dose‐response curve for hydrogen chloride showed that both the first and second weight loss fraction of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) were more potent than hydrogen chloride in terms of sensory irritation. From these dose‐response relationships qualitative and quantitative predictions of human responses to the thermal decomposition produ

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010405

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOxygen index results for a series of unsaturated polysters, containing molybdenum oxide and various halogenated compounds, have provided definite evidence for some form of flame retardant synergistic effect between molybdenum and halogen. With the halogenated compounds used, the magnitude of the effect was greater in the presence of bromine but was dependent on the type of compound. When dibromoneopentyl glycol was used as the bromine source, the synergistic effect exhibited by molybdenum oxide was comparable to that shown by antimony oxide. Since molybdenum oxide also acts as a smoke suppressant, it could offer a useful alternative to antimony oxide particularly in the light of probable changes in standards and regulatory control regarding smoke emission.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010406

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPyrolysis, thermo‐oxidation and combustion of polyethylene and polypropylene were studied and the products of these thermal degradation processes were identified by means of gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The individual products of thermal degradation were evaluated for their toxicity and a conclusion on presumed toxic effect of the combustion products of the polymers studied has been dr

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010407

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010411

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY