摘要:

AbstractResearch funded under the Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 1990 (United States Public Law 101–352) has led to the development of two test methods for measuring the ignition propensity of cigarettes. The Mock‐Up Ignition Test Method uses substrates physically similar to upholstered furniture and mattresses: a layer of fabric over padding. The measure of cigarette performance is ignition or non‐ignition of the substrate. The Cigarette Extinction Test Method replaces the fabric/padding assembly with multiple layers of common filter paper. The measure of perfomance is full‐length burning or self‐extinguishment of the cigarette. Routine measurement of the relative ignition propensity of cigarettes is feasible using either of the two methods. Improved cigarette performance under both methods has been linked with reduced real‐world ignition behavior; and it is reasonable to assume that this, in turn, implies a significant real‐would benefit. Both methods have been subjected to interlaboratory study. The resulting reproducibilities were comparable to each other and comparable to those in other fire test methods currently being used to regulate materials which may be involved in unwanted fires. Using the two methods, some current commercial cigarettes are shown to have reduced ignition propensities relative to the current best‐sel

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810190402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe fire risk in Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong is analyzed using the ARGOS fire risk analysis model developed at the Danish Institute of Fire Technology. A sample size of fifteen Chinese restaurants with different floor areas and fire load densities is considered. Fire simulations are performed for two cases by assuming a PU foam furniture fire occurring in the dining hall and a kerosene fire in the kitchen. Correlations are derived between the floor area and the predicted maximum hot gas temperature, the corresponding smoke layer interface height and the cost of damaged stock in the restaurants. The effectiveness of fire protection systems including sprinkler systems and smoke vents in controlling the fire is also discussed.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810190403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe application of the neural networks to correlate lower and upper flammability limits with chemical structures or basic physical properties for 150 organic compounds of diverse structures and functionalities was investigated. The prediction results based on a three‐layer neural network with a back‐propagation algorithm were compared with those obtained by multiple regression analysis. The comparison showed showed that the neural networks gave better versatility (range of applicability) and reliability. The predictive ability of the methods developed were tested for a new set of 50 compounds not included in the training data set and good agreement with observed lower and upper flammability limits was confirmed. The required information for the calculation were six easily available properties: standard enthalpy of combustion, molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, oxygen balance, and diffusion coefficient in air. By using these calculable properties from the molecular structure, the method could be used to predict flammability limits of new compounds containing C, H, O, N, S, Cl, F and Br at

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810190404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of some halogenated flame retradants (FR), sodium bromide and ammonium cupric chloride dihydrate (ACCD) on the thermal behaviour of roofing palm (Borassus aethiopun) and rattan palm (calamus deeratus) were studied. Their ignition time, flame propagation rate and afterglow time were investigated. No ignition occurred on the materials treated with 0.4M ACCD and no ignition was observed on roofing palm treated with 0.8M sodium bromide. Flame propagation rate and afterglow time were drastically reduced. Gravimetric analysis showed that these retardants acted by vapour phase and condensed phase mechanisms. An increase in char formation was also noted as a result of this treatment in all cases.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810190405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810190406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810190401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY