摘要:

AbstractThe literature on polyethylenes has been reviewed with an emphasis on the identification of gaseous products generated under various thermal decomposition conditions and the toxicity of those products. This review is limited to publications in English through 1984. The analytical chemical studies of the thermal decomposition products generated under vacuum, inert and oxidative experimental conditions are described. In oxidative atmosphere, which most closely simulate real fire conditions, carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be the predominant toxicant. Acrolein was another toxicant often noted in these reviewed studies. More acrolein was generated under non‐flaming than under flaming conditions. Results from seven different test procedures were considered in assessing the acute inhalation toxicity of combustion products from various polyethylene formulations. The combustion products generated from the polyethylenes studied in the non‐flaming mode appeared to be slightly more toxic than those produced in the flaming mode. In the non‐flaming mode theLC50values ranged from 5 to 75 mg l−1. In the flaming mode theLC50values ranged from 31 to 51 mg l−1. The toxicity of the degradation products of polyethylenes appears to be similar to that found for other common materials designed for the same

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810110203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe literature on polyamides was reviewed to determine the nature and extent of information available on these materials which are commonly used in consumer and industrial applications. This review was limited to aliphatic polyamides normally called nylon and excludes aromatic polyamides such as Nomex and bicomponent polymers consisting of nylon and other polymers. The review was further limited to those publications in English through June 1984. Typical pyrolysis products from a broad range of nylons do not appear to differ greatly. Many of the decomposition products detected in vacuum pyrolysis experiments appear as products of thermal degradation in inert and air atmospheres. In air, a general reduction in the quantities of heavier hydrocarbons is noted along with an increase in the production of CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, HCN and NOx. The toxicity of the thermal degradation products from various types of nylon has been evaluated by nine different protocols. ReportedLC50values range from 10.8 m l−1to 61.9 mg l−1. Dyes apparently do not affect the materials' combustion products toxicity but an increase in the amount of backcoating on a nylon fabric increases toxicity. Time to death measurements show that volatile products from nylons are less toxic than those from rayons or cotton, while the blending of wool with nylon greatly increases the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products. In general, however, the overall toxicity of the thermal degradation products from nylon do not appear to be greatly different than those from many other polymeric materials. Large‐scale test results are ambiguous, and it is difficult to interpret the results in terms of a single component in a multicomponent s

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810110204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStructural residues of the original polymer remain in the char portion of degraded polymer depending on the temperature and duration of the thermal degradation and the temperature. Elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy have been used for the identification of char residues.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810110205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe equivalent fire exposure (EFE) is visualized as a quantifier of the destructive potential of real‐world compartment fires in terms of the time to failure of building elements in standard test fires. Five methods of calculating the EFE are reviewed and compared in the light of some experimental dat

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810110206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method has been developed enabling comparison of polymeric Materials on the basis of the heat evolved during combustion. The calculated heat index yields information on the heat capacity of the material compared with cellulose as a standard material.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810110207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810110202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY