摘要:

AbstractSmoke evolved from burning poly‐(vinychloride) plasticized with diisooctylphthalate has been studied using a light absorption method. It has been shown that the quantity of smoke produced depends upon the oxygen concentration of the oxidizing gas as well as on the concentration of diisooctylphthalate present in the polymer. The results of this work have been analysed using an empirical equation proposed by the authors, which correlates the maximum smoke density (σmax) with oxygen concentration. This equation may be written\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sigma _{\max } = \sigma _{LOI} \exp (- k(No_2 - LOI)) $$\end{document}where No2is the molar concentration of oxygen in the oxidizing gas, and LOI refers to the limiting or critical concentration of oxygen at which at the polymer will just burn, as defined by the ASTM test 2863. The effect of various additives, particularly organic iodine compounds, as smoke suppressants has also been investigat

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010202

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new experimental method for studying the ablation, ignition and extinction of polymers exposed to flames and other ignition sources is presented. The technique is called the ‘Moving Wire Technique’. The polymer sample is carried on a wire support which is moved uniformity through the ignition source which is a flame in the example given. In the laboratory coordinate system, points along the path of the wire correspond to increasing residence time. The polymer combustion thus becomes a steady‐state phenomena which can be studied at leisure with the improvements in precision associated with long time steady‐state measurements. In addition to steady‐state combustion, ignition and extinction transitions are observed whose onsets are sharp and can be accurately characterized in this system. In a favorable case, a reproducibility of a few parts per thousand is attained in determining critical ignition exposure times and extinction velocities. Results from initial studies of commercial Teflon® and poly‐(vinylchloride) are presented. Measurements include critical ignition times and extinction velocities a function of free oxygen concentration. For poly‐(vinylchloride), measurements are given of gas phase composition, mass loss of the polymer, and surface temperature of the polymer as a function of exposure time. A discussion is given of the relation of the results to other experiments and potential uses of

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010203

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses the relative merits of a number of flame‐resistant fabrics. The information quoted draws heavily from a five year programme of research carried out on the subject by Lambeg Industrial Research Association. The fabrics concerned were made either from flame‐resistant fibres or by flame‐resistant treatment of fabrics. The textile problems which can arise in the production of these fabrics are considered and means of avoiding them suggested. Test methods for flammability are discussed briefly and the subject of toxic gases generated from flame‐resistant materials in fire situations is introduced as an area which needs further study. The paper is essentially a situation report describing the present state of knowledge indicating gaps therein, the limitations of the fibres, fabrics and finishes available and hence areas for futu

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010204

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe pyrolysis and combustion products of poly‐(vinyl chloride) and those of some of its polymer, especially of vinyl chloride with vinylidene chloride, were analysed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The toxic effect of the individual products on the human organism was evaluated and presumed total toxicity of the poly‐(vinyl chloride) combustion products (0.3g PVC products per m3) was determi

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010205

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFull‐scale fire tests on domestic beds fully equipped with bedding materials have been carried out in an experimental compartment‐corridor facility at the Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, U. K. Mattresses made of hair, spring interior, foam rubber and polyurethane of various types, together with mattress covers of cotton, flame‐retarded cotton or proofed nylon were studied. The effectiveness of protective hair or glass fibre interlining was examined. The study has shown that a rapid development of fire in bed and bedding materials can take place with certain combinations of mattresses and their covers. The types of covers extremely important in overall fire development, particularly with polyurethane mattresses. A substantial improvement in the fire behaviour of many of the principal types of beds tested can be achieved by a careful selection of bedding materials, such as the type of mattress cover, and in certain cases by the use of protective interli

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010206

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReaction to fire standard tests on materials used as linings are not sufficient in themselves to predict the behaviour of growing fires. However, flashover times with cellulosic linings have been correlated qualitatively with the British test, but generally there is wide divergence in the test results from different countries. This report paper discusses some aspects of this problem.

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010207

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA statistical study of fires in the United Kingdom involving the ignition of furniture and furnishings is presented. This paper examines the data for one year (1970). The analysis shows that in fires starting in furniture and furnishings the chance of a fatality is over twice that in other domestic fires. The majority of furniture fires involve upholstery or bedding and over 90% were started by smokers' materials, electric appliances, space heating or as the result of the activities of children or suspected arsonists. Eighty‐five percent of the fatalities were found in the room of origin of the fire. Eighty per cent were overcome by smoke or toxic gases. Sixty percent of the fatalities were either under 5 or over 65 years of age. Monetary values are assigned for damage, casualties and deaths in fire. These costs can be used to assess the value of fire precautions. With the values taken, the total losses in furniture fires in the home amounted to £19 million in 1970. Life loss accounted for the major part of this sum. The expected annual loss per dwelling as a result of the ignition of furniture is thus only about £1, and is only £3 for all dwelling fires. This low figure suggests an approach of either selective spending on those most at risk (the elderly and handicapped) or by government activity through publicity and educa

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010208

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010209

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0308-0501    

DOI:10.1002/fam.810010211

出版商:Heyden&Son Ltd.    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY